Table of Contents
Foreword 15
Acknowledgments 19
Introduction 21
His Brain, Her Brain: The Science
Different by Divine Design 27
Different as Night and Day 41
His Brain, Her Brain: The Differences
Differences in How We Perceive Our World 61
Differences in How We Process Input from Our World 69
Differences in How We Communicate with Our World 87
Decoding Our Communication Differences 97
His Brain, Her Brain: The Impact on Relationships
Sex on the Brain 111
Sex by God's Design 127
His Brain-Conquest; Her Brain-Nurture 139
His Brain-Provision; Her Brain-Security 157
His Brain-Respect; Her Brain-Love 173
His Brain, Her Brain: The Beauty of God's Design
Created to Be One by God's Design 187
Cherish, Honor, Nurture by God's Design 197
Sources 207
Scripture Index 227
Subject Index 229
Read a Sample Chapter
His Brain, Her Brain
How Divinely Designed Differences Can Strengthen Your Marriage
By Walt L. Larimore Barb Larimore Zondervan
Copyright © 2008 Walt Larimore
All right reserved. ISBN: 978-0-310-24028-0
Chapter One
Different by Divine Design
Our good friend Chris came over to our home one Saturday morning to share some time together over a cup of coffee. Chris and his wife, Sherri, had been married for about six months. They had chosen Barb and me to be their marriage mentors, so we had met with them during their engagement and continued to do so after the wedding. After discussing our observations of the Denver Broncos' football season, Chris and I began talking about marriage.
"Walt," he began, "when Sherri and I met with you and Barb before we were married, you taught us about some of the differences between men and women and our brains. I accepted what you said but didn't realize exactly how big a deal it really is."
"In what ways?" I asked.
"I don't even know where to begin. There are so many ways we are different. When it comes to sex, Sherri likes thirty minutes of slow foreplay. For me, turning off our bedroom light is foreplay. I like watching football and The Unit, and she likes watching Dancing with the Stars and anything on HGTV."
While he took a sip of coffee, I remained quiet, knowing more was coming.
"When I write a note to Sherri, it has the essentials-what she needs to know. When Sherri writes me a note, she uses scented, colored stationery and dots her i's with little hearts. Even if she disses me in a note, she puts a dorky little smiley face at the end. I hate that! What's worse, she wants me to write notes the same way."
He appeared to be deep in thought and then continued.
"Here's another thing that bugs me. When I say I'm ready to leave the house, it means I'm ready to leave at that moment. When Sherri says she is ready to go, it means she will be ready sometime in the next hour-after she finishes her hair and makeup and changing her outfit two or three times.
"And don't get me started on the bathroom," Chris added. "I have, at most, six items in the bathroom-shaving cream, a razor, a toothbrush, toothpaste, a bar of soap, and deodorant. But Sherri must have sixty items! I don't even know what fifty of them are for.
"And, Walt, isn't a cell phone a communications tool? I use mine to communicate information in short calls and brief text messages or to get an answer. Sherri uses her cell phone to visit with a girlfriend for two hours after they've had lunch that same day!"
He finally stopped, and I was able to get a word in. "So, Chris, what does all this mean to you?"
He thoughtfully sipped his coffee and then nodded. "You were right when you told me that men and women are so different. Now I've got to figure out what to do about it."
It's Not Just Our Imagination
Chris is absolutely correct. Even without scientific evidence, the vast majority of us realize that men and women are very different. One online poll asked simply if people agreed with the statement "Men and women are so different." Seventy percent clicked the "Yes, worlds apart!" answer. Eighteen percent chose "Not really. It's all hype." And 12 percent selected "I'm never sure."
My friends will talk about how their husbands are sometimes thoughtless or inconsiderate, don't listen like they should, think too much about sex and sports, aren't as compassionate as they could be, want to have sex rather than make love, and don't put the toilet seat down as they should.
From the other side, I often hear my male friends complain about the way their wives drive, that they can't read maps right-side-up, talk and cry too much, can't explain their intuitive feelings, don't initiate sex often enough, and leave the toilet seat down when it clearly should be left up.
In their book Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps, authors Barbara and Allan Pease make this observation:
Men can never find a pair of socks, but their CDs are in alphabetical order. Women can always find the missing set of car keys but rarely the most direct route to their destination. Men marvel at the way a woman can walk into a room full of people and give an instant commentary on everyone; women can't believe men are so unobservant.
These differences are not something we imagine. They are not volitional choices we make just to annoy each other. They are not simply due to personality quirks. Many, if not most, of these dissimilarities have to do with the distinctive ways his brain and her brain function.
A mountain of brain research published during the last two decades reveals dramatic anatomical, chemical, hormonal, and physiological differences between his brain and her brain. These differences impact the emotions, thinking, and behavior of children and adults. These differences are so profound that geneticist Anne Moir, PhD, and journalist David Jessel begin their book Brain Sex: The Real Difference Between Men and Women with this provocative assertion: "Men are different from women. They are equal only in their common membership in the same species, humankind. To maintain that they are the same in aptitude, skill or behavior is to build a society based on a biological and scientific lie."
Our Differences: Wired in the Womb
So, if his brain and her brain are so very different, are these differences inborn or infused? Are men's and women's brains different by nature or nurture? Are our brain differences designed or derived?
Our answer to these questions is simple: not only are his brain and her brain different; they are designed to be different by our Creator. At birth, his brain and her brain are so distinctly different that Cambridge University neuropsychologist Simon Baron-Cohen, PhD, describes them as having "essential differences."
There is ample scientific evidence that supports the fact that many of the dramatic differences between his brain and her brain are inborn. Louann Brizendine, MD, a neuropsychiatrist at the University of California, San Francisco, medical school, writes, "There is no unisex brain. Girls arrive already wired as girls, and boys arrive already wired as boys. Their brains are different by the time they're born."
In surprisingly frank language, Dr. Anne Moir writes, "Infants are not blank slates.... They are born with male or female minds of their own. They have, quite literally, made up their minds in the womb, safe from the legions of social engineers who impatiently await them."
Our only quibble with Dr. Moir's conclusion is that unborn children do not make up their minds in the womb. Rather, an unborn child's brain and nervous system is intentionally and skillfully interwoven and knit in the womb. Or as King David observed:
You [God] created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mother's womb. I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full well. My frame was not hidden from you when I was made in the secret place. When I was woven together in the depths of the earth, your eyes saw my unformed body.
As we'll discover together, plenty of differences are seen extremely early in development-even in the womb. And every mom reading this book who has raised a boy and a girl has observed these differences firsthand! Although some researchers persist in the assertion that the many differences we all observe between males and females are a result of "nurture over nature" (nurture meaning differences based on culture, socialization, teaching, or experience), there is one event that can shake this delusion to its core, namely, having children.
Marc Breedlove, PhD, an expert in the effect of hormones on the developing brain, was also a proponent of the "nurture over nature" theory-at least until he had a daughter. He was surprised that she had no interest in her older brothers' toys. He was shocked that even before she could talk she loved going into her mother's closet to try on her mother's shoes. By the time she was six years old, Breedlove's daughter avoided pants and would only wear dresses. As a result, Breedlove "uses the term 'childless' to describe people who think 'society alone molds children into sex roles.'"
Testosterone on the Brain
So what do we know about the processes in the womb that prewire girls to be girls and boys to be boys? During the past couple of decades, we've learned more than you would ever imagine, and it all begins with the male hormone, testosterone.
We've all heard the jokes about female hormones. We know how dramatically they affect women. We've all seen men roll their eyes, shake their heads, and mutter "female hormones" when life with a woman seems difficult. But let me tell you, what female hormones do to women is minor compared to what the male hormone, testosterone, does to an unborn boy's brain and body in the womb!
At about six weeks' gestation, an unborn boy's male hormones (called androgens) begin their work. One particular androgen, testosterone, becomes the key messenger to the unborn boy's brain and body. "There's a peak of testosterone in males ... that's very important for future sexual behavior," writes Dr. Sophie Messager of Paradigm Therapeutics in Cambridge, England. "If you block that, the male rats behave like females for the rest of their life."
Testosterone tells all the potentially female equipment to go into hibernation while it spurs the male equipment (like the boy's genitalia) to grow like crazy. In addition, testosterone has an incredible effect on the little boy's skeletal muscles-causing them to almost continuously twitch, poke, and punch.
Those of us who have given birth to and then raised little boys can tell you that they are always moving, both in and out of the womb! Much of the activity is due to testosterone, which also thickens the boy's developing bones-even his skull. So when we mothers think little boys and the men they grow up to become seem a bit "hardheaded," we're exactly right.
Not only are a boy's genitalia, muscles, and bones dramatically exposed to the testosterone bath that occurs in the womb, but it actually changes his inborn female brain into a uniquely male brain. The developing female brain, not exposed to testosterone, undergoes very little fundamental change in structure or function, but the rush of testosterone is for him literally a mind-altering process!
For example, the corpus callosum is the largest structure connecting the right and left sides of the brain. This pipeline of more than 300 million fibers functions like a powerful, lightning-fast monster cable that enables both sides of the brain to communicate with and process for each other. The gush of testosterone actually causes sections of the corpus callosum to decrease in size by dissolving portions of the connection or by decreasing the growth of the nerves.
In unborn females, the opposite happens. Exposure to the female hormone, estrogen, actually prompts the nerve cells to grow more connections between the left and right brain. So not only is a girl's corpus callosum larger than a boy's before birth, it continues to be larger in childhood and adulthood.
Testosterone also causes other areas of the male brain to be forever changed by preserving the nerve cells that think, while retarding the development of the fibers that connect the processing centers. The result? Your wife not only has a more developed corpus callosum, but she also has much greater subconscious processing power than you do.
It's More Than Hormones
The male hormones flooding in and through the unborn male child and the female hormones saturating the unborn female baby do not explain everything about the developmental differences between the male and female brain. There are structural and genetic differences as well.
Since a man's brain is, on average, about 10 percent larger than a woman's, you'd expect him to be more intelligent. However, this is not the case. In general, men and women consistently score equally on intelligence tests. For neuroscientists, this has long been a paradox. However, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center have found an explanation. Raquel E. Gur, MD, PhD, professor of psychiatry and neurology, writes, "Women's brains appear to be more efficient than men's in the sense that an equal increase in volume produces a larger increase in processing capacity in women than in men."
While male brains contain about 6.5 times more gray matter -the "thinking matter"- female brains have more than 9.5 times as much white matter-the "processing matter." One example is seen in the corpus callosum. Not only do women have a relatively larger connection between the hemispheres, but theirs is composed almost completely of white matter. "The implication of women having more white matter connecting between the hemispheres of the brain is that they would have better communication between the different modes of perceiving and relating to the world," says Dr. Gur. "On the other hand, men," who have a relatively smaller corpus callosum that is made up of less white matter, "would demonstrate a stronger concentration on working within any one of those modes."
Understanding this can be critical in understanding our husbands -their stick-to-itiveness, steadfastness, determination, and single-mindedness. It also can assist their understanding and appreciation of us-our intuition and the way we can read people!
On the genetic side, Eric Vilain, PhD, who conducts research on the genetics of human sexual development at UCLA, has found genetic differences that play a role in the disparity between the male and female brain. He and his colleagues compared the production of genes in male and female brains in embryonic mice-long before the animals developed sex organs. To their surprise, the researchers found at least fifty-four genes that are produced in different amounts in male and female mouse brains prior to any male hormonal influence. Eighteen of these genes were found at higher levels in the male brains, while thirty-six were found at higher levels in the female brains.
"We didn't expect to find genetic differences between the sexes' brains," Dr. Vilain said in a news interview. "But we discovered that the male and female brains differed in many measurable ways, including anatomy and function." Although this study was in mice, these researchers believe it's highly likely to be true in people as well.
Additional studies show that "sex chromosome genes contribute directly to the development of a sex difference in the brain." To understand this impact, we need to review some sex chromosome basics.
At conception, one pair of sex chromosomes is replicated into each cell of our body; one comes from each parent. As a general rule, males have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. As a little boy begins to grow inside the womb, his genetic blueprint begins to deliver a message using his XY chromosomes. Little girls do the same but with XX chromosomes.
Many of the genes on the Y chromosome are involved in male differentiation and development. It is the male-making Y chromosome that starts the marathon of development that differentiates the little boy and his brain from the little girl and her brain. The Y chromosome directs the early gonadal tissue of the boy to become testes-and it's the testes that are the primary factory for the production of testosterone that spurs the development of masculinity across the brain and body of the unborn boy.
A normal female has two X chromosomes-one from her mother and one from her father. One of the two X chromosomes in every cell in females is active, and the other X chromosome is usually shut off. Researchers have found that brain responses vary based on which X gene is inactivated. About one in five of these extra genes escapes being turned off and actually stays awake. When this occurs, these female cells get a "double dose" of X genes. These excess or fallback genes are believed to help protect women from a wide variety of physical, mental, and behavioral disorders.
These excess genes also result in more genetic diversity in the female brain. New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd wrote, "Women are not only more different from men than we knew. Women are more different from each other than we knew-creatures of 'infinite variety,' as Shakespeare wrote." Dowd concludes, "This means men's generalizations about women are correct too. Women are inscrutable, changeable, crafty, idiosyncratic, a different species."
Regarding the advantages of two X chromosomes, Duke University genome expert Huntington Willard, PhD, says, "We poor men only have 45 chromosomes to do our work with because our 46th is the pathetic Y that has only a few genes.... In contrast, we now know that women have the full 46 chromosomes that they're getting work from and the 46th is a second X that is working at levels greater than we knew."
There is more to be known, more detail and qualification perhaps to add-but the nature and cause of brain differences are now known beyond speculation, beyond prejudice, and beyond reasonable doubt. Anne Moir, PhD
(Continues...)
Excerpted from His Brain, Her Brain by Walt L. Larimore Barb Larimore Copyright © 2008 by Walt Larimore. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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