| Chapter 1 | What do teachers need to know? | 1 |
| 1.1 | Introduction | 3 |
| 1.1.1 | Teachers as first responders | 5 |
| 1.1.2 | All hazards approach to school safety | 6 |
| 1.2 | Threat awareness | 8 |
| 1.2.1 | Student violence | 10 |
| 1.2.2 | Terrorism | 12 |
| 1.2.3 | Natural disasters | 15 |
| 1.2.4 | Human-caused disasters/accidents | 16 |
| 1.2.5 | Community spillover | 17 |
| 1.2.6 | Health emergencies | 17 |
| 1.3 | Emergency preparedness | 18 |
| 1.3.1 | How teachers fit into a safe schools plan | 19 |
| 1.3.2 | Drilling, training and maintaining readiness | 21 |
| 1.3.3 | Knowing the classroom | 23 |
| 1.4 | Roles and responsibilities | 25 |
| 1.4.1 | Teacher | 26 |
| 1.4.2 | Principal/administrator/designee | 26 |
| 1.4.3 | School crisis response team (CRT) | 27 |
| 1.4.4 | Planning committee | 27 |
| 1.4.5 | Incident command system | 28 |
| 1.4.6 | Incident command post | 29 |
| 1.4.7 | School administrators and staff | 29 |
| 1.4.8 | School resource officer or first officer on the scene | 30 |
| 1.4.9 | Police | 30 |
| 1.4.10 | Fire department | 30 |
| 1.4.11 | Emergency management personnel | 31 |
| 1.4.12 | Emergency medical personnel | 32 |
| 1.4.13 | Public health officials | 32 |
| 1.5 | Conclusion | 32 |
| Chapter 2 | Teacher safety--how do teachers minimize risk and prepare for incidents? | 35 |
| 2.1 | Introduction | 36 |
| 2.2 | Threats to teachers | 36 |
| 2.2.1 | Crimes against teachers | 37 |
| 2.2.2 | School violence: what teachers need to know | 38 |
| 2.2.3 | Terrorism | 43 |
| 2.2.4 | Natural disasters | 49 |
| 2.2.5 | Human-caused disasters/accidents | 56 |
| 2.2.6 | Community spillover | 59 |
| 2.3 | Physical safety | 61 |
| 2.4 | Conclusion | 62 |
| Chapter 3 | Recognizing warning signs--how can teachers spot a potentially violent student? | 65 |
| 3.1 | Introduction | 66 |
| 3.2 | Types of school violence | 67 |
| 3.2.1 | Student rationale for physical violence | 68 |
| 3.3 | Research on violent youth | 69 |
| 3.3.1 | Trends in shooting incidents | 70 |
| 3.3.2 | Common elements of school shootings | 71 |
| 3.4 | Behaviors that can lead to violence | 75 |
| 3.4.1 | "Red Flags" | 76 |
| 3.4.2 | Bullying | 79 |
| 3.5 | Incidents preceding major acts of violence | 82 |
| 3.5.1 | Triggering behaviors | 83 |
| 3.5.2 | Fights and "negligent privacy" | 84 |
| 3.6 | Teacher action points to prevent violence | 85 |
| 3.6.1 | Teacher awareness | 85 |
| 3.6.2 | Teacher action points | 86 |
| 3.6.3 | Reporting procedures | 90 |
| Chapter 4 | Emergency response procedures--what do teachers do? | 95 |
| 4.1 | Introduction | 98 |
| 4.2 | Role during an incident | 99 |
| 4.2.1 | Pre-incident preparation | 99 |
| 4.2.2 | Responding during an incident | 100 |
| 4.3 | Communications during an incident | 102 |
| 4.3.1 | Reporting an incident | 102 |
| 4.3.2 | Tools for communicating to administrators and first responders | 104 |
| 4.3.3 | Signal cards | 107 |
| 4.3.4 | Ready reference flip chart | 108 |
| 4.4 | General emergency response procedures | 108 |
| 4.4.1 | Evacuation | 109 |
| 4.4.2 | Shelter-in-place | 109 |
| 4.4.3 | Lockdown | 110 |
| 4.4.4 | Parent/student reunification | 111 |
| 4.5 | Response procedures for specific incidents | 111 |
| 4.6 | Medical emergencies | 112 |
| 4.6.1 | Basic first aid | 115 |
| 4.6.2 | Food poisoning | 117 |
| 4.7 | Natural disasters | 117 |
| 4.7.1 | Severe weather | 118 |
| 4.7.2 | Tornado | 118 |
| 4.7.3 | Hurricane | 119 |
| 4.7.4 | Earthquake | 120 |
| 4.8 | Fire | 122 |
| 4.9 | Child abuse | 123 |
| 4.9.1 | Physical abuse | 124 |
| 4.9.2 | Sexual abuse | 124 |
| 4.9.3 | Response procedures | 125 |
| 4.10 | Domestic violence | 125 |
| 4.10.1 | Response procedures | 126 |
| 4.11 | Armed attackers and hostage situations | 127 |
| 4.11.1 | Armed individual in the school | 128 |
| 4.11.2 | Hostage situation | 129 |
| 4.11.3 | Armed robbery | 132 |
| 4.11.4 | Self-inflicted violence | 133 |
| 4.12 | Hazardous materials and human-caused disasters and accidents | 135 |
| 4.12.1 | Hazardous materials | 135 |
| 4.12.2 | Human-caused disasters/accidents | 138 |
| 4.13 | Bomb threats | 140 |
| 4.13.1 | Bomb threat response | 140 |
| 4.13.2 | Information to record | 142 |
| 4.13.3 | Questions | 142 |
| 4.14 | Bombs/explosive devices | 143 |
| 4.14.1 | Postal explosive devices | 144 |
| 4.14.2 | Firebombs/incendiary devices | 147 |
| 4.14.3 | Package bombs | 149 |
| 4.14.4 | Vehicle bombs | 152 |
| 4.15 | Chemical and biological incidents | 154 |
| 4.15.1 | What to look for | 155 |
| 4.15.2 | Response procedures | 156 |
| 4.15.3 | Personal decontamination procedures | 159 |
| 4.16 | Nuclear and radiological incidents | 161 |
| 4.16.1 | Radiation weapons | 161 |
| 4.16.2 | Nuclear weapons | 167 |
| Chapter 5 | After a traumatic event-how do teachers help students recover? | 173 |
| 5.1 | Introduction | 174 |
| 5.2 | Student reactions to a traumatic event | 175 |
| 5.2.1 | Symptoms of child trauma | 177 |
| 5.2.2 | Three main components of post-traumatic stress | 180 |
| 5.3 | Recovery procedures | 181 |
| 5.3.1 | Helping students cope | 182 |
| 5.3.2 | Stages of recovery for adults | 184 |
| 5.3.3 | Stages of recovery for children | 186 |
| 5.3.4 | Working with mental health professionals/school counselors | 188 |
| 5.3.5 | Working with parents and the community | 188 |
| 5.4 | Teacher recovery/burnout | 189 |
| 5.4.1 | Steps to prevent burnout | 192 |
| 5.5 | Recovery resources | 194 |
| Chapter 6 | How can teachers encourage students to help with school safety? | 199 |
| 6.1 | Introduction | 200 |
| 6.2 | Building trust | 201 |
| 6.2.1 | Listening and talking to students | 203 |
| 6.2.2 | Personal, family and community issues | 204 |
| 6.3 | Raising safety awareness | 206 |
| 6.4 | School safety lessons | 207 |
| 6.4.1 | Questionnaires | 207 |
| 6.4.2 | Sample activities | 208 |
| 6.4.3 | Sample school safety awareness lesson plan | 211 |
| 6.5 | Classroom aids | 213 |
| 6.5.1 | Putting together an emergency response kit | 213 |
| 6.5.2 | Ready reference flip-chart | 214 |
| 6.5.3 | Posters | 215 |
| 6.5.4 | Classroom safety checklists | 217 |
| 6.6 | Recovery curriculum development | 217 |
| 6.6.1 | Los Angeles riots | 218 |
| 6.6.2 | Oklahoma City bombing | 218 |
| 6.6.3 | Northridge earthquake | 218 |
| 6.6.4 | World Trade Center/Pentagon terrorist attacks | 219 |
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