| Preface | xiii |
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 2 | Interactions, Units, and Magnitudes | 3 |
| 2.1 | Units | 3 |
| 2.2 | Particles and Forces | 7 |
| 2.3 | Orders of Magnitude | 10 |
| 2.4 | Selected References | 12 |
| 2.5 | Problems | 13 |
| 3 | Noise in Physical Systems | 14 |
| 3.1 | Random Variables | 14 |
| 3.1.1 | Expectation Values | 14 |
| 3.1.2 | Spectral Theorems | 15 |
| 3.2 | Probability Distributions | 18 |
| 3.2.1 | Binomial | 18 |
| 3.2.2 | Poisson | 18 |
| 3.2.3 | Gaussian | 19 |
| 3.2.4 | Central Limit Theorem | 21 |
| 3.3 | Noise Mechanisms | 22 |
| 3.3.1 | Shot Noise | 22 |
| 3.3.2 | Johnson Noise | 23 |
| 3.3.3 | l/f Noise and Switching Noise | 24 |
| 3.3.4 | Amplifier Noise | 25 |
| 3.4 | Thermodynamics and Noise | 27 |
| 3.4.1 | Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics | 27 |
| 3.4.2 | Equipartition Theorem | 30 |
| 3.4.3 | Fluctuation--Dissipation Theorem | 31 |
| 3.5 | Selected References | 34 |
| 3.6 | Problems | 35 |
| 4 | Information in Physical Systems | 36 |
| 4.1 | Information | 36 |
| 4.2 | Channel Capacity | 40 |
| 4.3 | The Gaussian Channel | 42 |
| 4.4 | Fisher Information | 45 |
| 4.5 | Information and Thermodynamics | 48 |
| 4.6 | Selected References | 49 |
| 4.7 | Problems | 49 |
| 5 | Electromagnetic Fields and Waves | 51 |
| 5.1 | Vector Calculus | 51 |
| 5.1.1 | Vectors | 51 |
| 5.1.2 | Differential Operators | 53 |
| 5.1.3 | Integral Relationships | 55 |
| 5.2 | Statics | 56 |
| 5.2.1 | Electrostatics | 56 |
| 5.2.2 | Magnetostatics | 60 |
| 5.2.3 | Multipoles | 63 |
| 5.3 | Dynamics | 66 |
| 5.3.1 | Maxwell's Equations | 66 |
| 5.3.2 | Boundary Conditions | 68 |
| 5.3.3 | Electromagnetic Units | 70 |
| 5.4 | Radiation and Energy | 71 |
| 5.4.1 | Waves | 71 |
| 5.4.2 | Electromagnetic Energy | 72 |
| 5.5 | Selected References | 74 |
| 5.6 | Problems | 74 |
| 6 | Circuits, Transmission Lines, and Waveguides | 76 |
| 6.1 | Circuits | 76 |
| 6.1.1 | Current and Voltage | 76 |
| 6.1.2 | Kirchhoff's Laws | 77 |
| 6.1.3 | Resistance | 77 |
| 6.1.4 | Power | 79 |
| 6.1.5 | Capacitance | 79 |
| 6.1.6 | Inductance | 80 |
| 6.2 | Wires and Transmission Lines | 81 |
| 6.2.1 | Skin Depth | 81 |
| 6.2.2 | Transmission Lines | 83 |
| 6.2.3 | Wave Solutions | 85 |
| 6.2.4 | Reflections and Terminations | 87 |
| 6.3 | Waveguides | 90 |
| 6.3.1 | Governing Equations | 90 |
| 6.3.2 | Rectangular Waveguides | 92 |
| 6.3.3 | Circular Waveguides | 93 |
| 6.3.4 | Dielectric Waveguides and Fiber Optics | 93 |
| 6.4 | Selected References | 95 |
| 6.5 | Problems | 96 |
| 7 | Antennas | 98 |
| 7.1 | Time-Dependent Potentials | 98 |
| 7.2 | Dipole Radiation | 102 |
| 7.2.1 | Infinitesimal Length | 102 |
| 7.2.2 | Finite Length | 104 |
| 7.3 | Duality and Reciprocity | 106 |
| 7.4 | Antenna Types | 109 |
| 7.5 | Selected References | 111 |
| 7.6 | Problems | 111 |
| 8 | Optics | 112 |
| 8.1 | Reflection and Refraction | 112 |
| 8.2 | Geometrical Optics | 117 |
| 8.2.1 | Ray Matrices | 119 |
| 8.2.2 | Optical Transforms | 120 |
| 8.3 | Beyond Geometrical Optics | 122 |
| 8.4 | Selected References | 126 |
| 8.5 | Problems | 126 |
| 9 | Lensless Imaging and Inverse Problems | 128 |
| 9.1 | Matched Filters and Synthetic Lenses | 128 |
| 9.2 | Coherent Imaging | 131 |
| 9.3 | Computed Tomography | 134 |
| 9.4 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 135 |
| 9.5 | Inverse Problems | 138 |
| 9.6 | Selected References | 139 |
| 9.7 | Problems | 139 |
| 10 | Semiconductor Materials and Devices | 141 |
| 10.1 | Quantum Statistical Mechanics | 141 |
| 10.2 | Electronic Structure | 143 |
| 10.3 | Junctions, Diodes, and Transistors | 151 |
| 10.4 | Logic | 156 |
| 10.5 | Limits | 161 |
| 10.6 | Selected References | 163 |
| 10.7 | Problems | 163 |
| 11 | Generating, Detecting, and Modulating Light | 165 |
| 11.1 | Generation | 165 |
| 11.1.1 | Incandescence | 165 |
| 11.1.2 | Luminescence: LEDs, Lasers, and Flat Panels | 167 |
| 11.2 | Detection | 172 |
| 11.3 | Modulation | 177 |
| 11.3.1 | Polarization | 177 |
| 11.3.2 | Liquid Crystals | 179 |
| 11.3.3 | Smoke and Mirrors | 183 |
| 11.4 | Selected References | 186 |
| 11.5 | Problems | 186 |
| 12 | Magnetic Storage | 187 |
| 12.1 | Magnetism | 187 |
| 12.1.1 | Diamagnetism | 189 |
| 12.1.2 | Paramagnetism | 190 |
| 12.1.3 | Ferro-, Antiferro-, and Ferri-magnetism | 192 |
| 12.2 | Magnetic Recording | 197 |
| 12.2.1 | Magnetic Media | 197 |
| 12.2.2 | Magnetic Recording | 198 |
| 12.2.3 | Recording Systems | 200 |
| 12.3 | Selected References | 201 |
| 12.4 | Problems | 201 |
| 13 | Measurement and Coding | 203 |
| 13.1 | Instrumentation | 203 |
| 13.1.1 | Amplifiers | 203 |
| 13.1.2 | Grounding, Shielding, and Leads | 207 |
| 13.1.3 | Bridges | 209 |
| 13.2 | Modulation and Detection | 211 |
| 13.2.1 | Synchronous Detection | 211 |
| 13.2.2 | Phase Detection and Encoding | 213 |
| 13.2.3 | Spread Spectrum | 216 |
| 13.2.4 | Digitization | 220 |
| 13.3 | Coding | 222 |
| 13.3.1 | Compression | 222 |
| 13.3.2 | Error Correction | 225 |
| 13.3.3 | Channel Coding | 227 |
| 13.3.4 | Cryptography | 228 |
| 13.4 | Selected References | 229 |
| 13.5 | Problems | 229 |
| 14 | Transducers | 231 |
| 14.1 | Many-Body Effects | 231 |
| 14.1.1 | Superconductivity | 232 |
| 14.1.2 | SQUIDs | 235 |
| 14.2 | Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics | 236 |
| 14.2.1 | Thermoelectricity | 239 |
| 14.2.2 | Piezoelectricity | 242 |
| 14.3 | Relativity | 243 |
| 14.3.1 | Clocks | 243 |
| 14.3.2 | Time | 246 |
| 14.3.3 | Position | 249 |
| 14.4 | Selected References | 251 |
| 14.5 | Problems | 251 |
| 15 | Quantum Computing and Communications | 252 |
| 15.1 | Quantum Mechanics | 253 |
| 15.1.1 | States and Operators | 253 |
| 15.1.2 | Angular Momentum | 258 |
| 15.1.3 | Density Matrices | 263 |
| 15.2 | Information | 266 |
| 15.3 | Communications | 269 |
| 15.3.1 | Cryptography | 269 |
| 15.3.2 | Circuits | 270 |
| 15.3.3 | Teleportation | 271 |
| 15.3.4 | Error Correction | 273 |
| 15.4 | Computation | 275 |
| 15.4.1 | Searching | 276 |
| 15.4.2 | Transforms and Factoring | 278 |
| 15.4.3 | Simulation | 281 |
| 15.4.4 | Experimental Implementation | 282 |
| 15.5 | Selected References | 284 |
| 15.6 | Problems | 285 |
| Appendix 1 | Problem Solutions | 286 |
| A1.1 | Introduction | 286 |
| A1.2 | Interactions, Units, and Magnitudes | 286 |
| A1.3 | Noise in Physical Systems | 291 |
| A1.4 | Information in Physical Systems | 296 |
| A1.5 | Electromagnetic Fields and Waves | 300 |
| A1.6 | Circuits, Transmission Lines, and Wave Guides | 305 |
| A1.7 | Antennas | 309 |
| A1.8 | Optics | 311 |
| A1.9 | Lensless Imaging and Inverse Problems | 317 |
| A1.10 | Semiconductor Materials and Devices | 322 |
| A1.11 | Generating, Modulating, and Detecting Light | 327 |
| A1.12 | Magnetic Storage | 330 |
| A1.13 | Measurement and Coding | 334 |
| A1.14 | Transducers | 338 |
| A1.15 | Quantum Computing and Communication | 342 |
| Bibliography | 347 |
| Index | 362 |