| Preface | xi |
| Abbreviations | xv |
| Introduction | 1 |
| Chapter 1. | Laws of Motion in the Center-Periphery Structure: The Underlying Forces | 7 |
| Evolution of Thought on Unequal Development | 9 |
| The Dialectic Between Production and Circulation | 23 |
| Contradictions of Accumulation in Articulated Economies | 26 |
| Contradictions of Accumulation in Disarticulated Economies | 32 |
| Dependency, Class Structure, and Social Disarticulation | 40 |
| Market-Widening and Market-Deepening | 45 |
| Mechanisms of Surplus Transfer Between Center and Periphery | 50 |
| Industrial and Financial Imperialism | 50 |
| Surplus Transfer Through Trade | 52 |
| Unequal Exchange | 53 |
| Unequal Trade | 54 |
| Unequal Rewards in the Formation of International Prices | 54 |
| Accumulation in the Center-Periphery Structure and the Current Crisis | 55 |
| Chapter 2. | Agrarian Crisis in Latin America: The Facts | 61 |
| Integration of Latin American Agriculture into the National and World Economies | 61 |
| Patterns of Growth and Stagnation | 68 |
| The Rise and Logic of Functional Dualism | 81 |
| The Contradictions of Functional Dualism | 85 |
| Chapter 3. | Transformation of the Agrarian Structure and the Peasantry | 94 |
| The Nature and Future of the Peasantry | 95 |
| The Marxist Classics | 96 |
| Peasantry as a Specific Type of Economy | 100 |
| An Alternative Conceptualization of Peasants | 102 |
| Roads to the Development of Capitalism in Agriculture | 106 |
| Modes of Production, Social Classes, and Types of Farm Enterprises | 109 |
| A Typology of Farm Enterprises | 109 |
| Empirical Characterization of the Rural Class Structure | 114 |
| Dynamics of Class Differentiation | 117 |
| Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Global Data | 118 |
| Empirical Characterization of Class Differentiation: Country Studies | 123 |
| Mexico | 123 |
| Colombia | 131 |
| Peru | 136 |
| Chapter 4. | Disarticulated Accumulation and Agrarian Crisis | 141 |
| Prevalent Theses on the Food and Hunger Crisis | 141 |
| Neo-Malthusianism | 142 |
| Technological Determinism | 143 |
| Monetarist Thesis of Stagnation | 144 |
| Structuralist Thesis of Stagnation | 146 |
| Overconsumption: Austerity and Aid | 148 |
| Poverty: Employment and Nutrition Programs | 149 |
| Material Determinants of the Agrarian Crisis | 151 |
| The Contradiction Between Rent and Profit in the Transition to Capitalism | 152 |
| Cheap Food and Foreign Exchange: The Contradictions | 157 |
| Food Self-Sufficiency Versus Comparative Advantages | 158 |
| Cheap-Food Policies Versus Development of Capitalism in Agriculture | 162 |
| Technological Bias Toward Laborsaving | 169 |
| Use Versus Reproduction of the Peasantry as a Source of Cheap Food | 172 |
| The Global Crisis | 174 |
| The New World Order: A New International Division of Labor for Agriculture? | 175 |
| Chapter 5. | The Political Economy of Reformism | 182 |
| The Capitalist State | 183 |
| The Petty Bourgeoisie and Legitimation | 187 |
| The Peripheral State | 191 |
| Reforms and the Management of Crises | 193 |
| The Limits of Reformism | 195 |
| Legitimacy Crisis of the State | 196 |
| Fiscal Crisis of the State | 196 |
| Administrative Crisis of the State | 197 |
| Agrarian Reformism in Latin America | 197 |
| Chapter 6. | Types and Consequences of Land Reform | 202 |
| A Typology of Land Reforms | 203 |
| Redistributive Reforms | 207 |
| Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Junker Road | 208 |
| Transition from Precapitalist Mode to Farmer Road | 209 |
| Shift from Junker Road to Farmer Road | 209 |
| Transition from Junker Road to Precapitalist Mode | 210 |
| Transition from Farmer Road to Precapitalist Mode | 210 |
| Shift from Farmer Road to Junker Road | 210 |
| Consequences of Land Reforms | 211 |
| Observation I | Market Expansion | 211 |
| Observation II | Development of Capitalism in the Nonreform Sector | 214 |
| Observation III | Political Stabilization Through the Reform Sector | 218 |
| Observation IV | Functional Dualism | 220 |
| The End of Land Reform | 221 |
| Chapter 7. | The Strategy of Integrated Rural Development | 224 |
| A Typology of Rural-Development Projects | 224 |
| Criteria for the Evaluation of Rural-Development Projects | 231 |
| Puebla-Type Rural-Development Projects | 234 |
| The Puebla Project | 234 |
| The Garcia Rovira Project | 235 |
| The Cajamarca Project | 237 |
| Economic Achievements of Rural-Development Projects | 238 |
| Structural Characteristics of the Peasant Economy That Condition Technological Change | 239 |
| Functional Dualism | 239 |
| Semiproletarianization | 242 |
| Labor Scarcity | 246 |
| Profitability and Risk | 247 |
| New Technologies for Peasant Agriculture | 248 |
| Effective Demand | 249 |
| Risk | 250 |
| Diffusion Strategy | 250 |
| Extension Model | 250 |
| Institutional Linkages | 251 |
| The Political Economy of Integrated Rural Development | 252 |
| Chapter 8. | The Agrarian Question and Change in Latin America: Conclusions | 255 |
| Policy Proposals for Growth with Equity | 255 |
| Employment Creation | 256 |
| Integrated Rural Development | 256 |
| Redistribution with Growth and Basic Needs | 256 |
| New International Economic Order | 257 |
| Redistribution Before Growth | 257 |
| The Limits of Reformism | 259 |
| The Political Economy of Equitable Growth | 264 |
| Notes | 269 |
| Selected Bibliography | 303 |
| Index | 307 |
| Figures | |
| 1.1. | Structure of an Articulated Economy | 27 |
| 1.2. | Structure of Disarticulated Export-Enclave Economies | 32 |
| 1.3. | Structure of Disarticulated Import-Substitution Industrialization Economies | 33 |
| 1.4. | Productivity of Labor and Real Wages in Manufacturing, United States and Brazil, 1966-74 | 35 |
| 1.5. | Social Class Structure and Alliances | 42 |
| 3.1. | Social Classes and Types of Farm Enterprises in Latin America | 110 |
| 3.2. | Dynamic Process of Class Differentiation in Latin America | 117 |
| 6.1. | Typology of Land Reforms in Latin America | 205 |
| 7.1. | Types of Agrarian Reforms | 225 |
| Tables | |
| 1.1. | Average Annual Growth Rates in Gross Domestic Product, Manufacturing, and Gross Fixed Capital Formation | 19 |
| 1.2. | Growth and Income Distribution, 1960-70 | 36 |
| 1.3. | Share of Different Income Strata in Total Consumption, 1974, and Growth Rate of Production by Type of Commodity, 1967-68 to 1975-76 | 47 |
| 1.4. | Mexico: Distribution of Income and Consumption in Urban Households, 1968 | 49 |
| 1.5. | Flow of Funds Related to Direct U.S. Investment, 1960-72 | 51 |
| 2.1. | Agricultural Production in Latin America, Selected Years | 69 |
| 2.2. | Rate of Growth of Production by Commodity and Country, 1948-52 to 1968-72 | 72 |
| 2.3. | Real Price Tendencies (Rate of Change per Year), 1950-70 | 74 |
| 2.4. | Share of Large Farms in Total Production, and Mean Area Harvested per Farm, 1950-71 | 75 |
| 2.5. | Share of Production Sold and Share of Labor Hired, by Crop | 77 |
| 2.6. | Grain Dependency: Share of Imports in Total Consumption, 1948-52 and 1968-72 | 78 |
| 2.7. | Share of Selected Foods in the Urban Wage Basket, Selected Years and Countries | 79 |
| 2.8. | Share of Exports in Total Production, 1948-52 and 1968-72 | 80 |
| 3.1. | Rural Social Classes in Latin America: Distribution of Households and Land | 115 |
| 3.2. | Dynamics of Land Tenure Systems: Initial and Terminal Percentages | 119 |
| 3.3. | Size of Farms Less Than 5 Hectares in Area for Eleven Central and South American Countries, 1950-70 | 122 |
| 3.4. | Mexico: Hectares of Land Benefited by Major Federal Irrigation Projects as a Percentage of Total Hectares Cultivated, 1940-60 | 125 |
| 3.5. | Mexico: Value Share of Agricultural Production, 1950 and 1960 | 126 |
| 3.6. | Mexico: Distribution of Cultivated Area and Value Share of Production by Farm Size, 1940-70 | 127 |
| 3.7. | Mexico: Average Area per Landholding, 1960 and 1970 | 128 |
| 3.8. | Mexico: Number of Farms, Percentage of Farms, and Total Land Area in the Private Sector Controlled by Farms, by Farm Size, 1940-70 | 130 |
| 3.9. | Colombia: Value Share of Total Production by Type of Crop, 1950-55 and 1971-76 | 133 |
| 3.10. | Colombia: Land Area Cultivated, by Type of Crop, 1950-55 and 1971-76 | 134 |
| 3.11. | Colombia: Land Distribution by Number and Size of Farm and by Total Area, 1960 and 1970 | 135 |
| 3.12. | Peru: Distribution of Farms and Agricultural Land by Farm Size, 1960-70 | 139 |
| 4.1. | Price of Nitrogen Relative to That of Wheat and Corn at the Producer Level in Latin America and Elsewhere | 165 |
| 4.2. | Wheat Yields and Relative Prices Received by Farmers, 1968-70 | 166 |
| 4.3. | Comparison of Annual Rates of Change in Selected Economic Indicators in the United States, 1950-68 and 1968-77 | 177 |
| 6.1. | Statistical Information on Land Reforms in Selected Latin American Countries, 1917-76 | 206 |
| 7.1. | Puebla: Profitability of Farm Activities by Farm Type, 1970 | 241 |
| 7.2. | Cajamarca, Puebla, and Garcia Rovira: Distribution of Farms by Farm Type, 1970-73 | 243 |
| 7.3. | Cajamarca, Puebla, and Garcia Rovira: Sources of Net Household Income by Farm Type | 244 |
| 7.4. | Cajamarca: Sources of Net Household Income by Farm Type, 1973 | 245 |
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