International Law by Mark W. Janis

Preface     xv
The Nature of International Law     1
The History of International Law     1
The Rules of International Law     4
The Process of International Law     6
Treaties     9
Treaties as International Law     9
The Law of Treaties     16
The Making of Treaties     18
The Effect of Treaties     27
The Amendment, Invalidity, and Termination of Treaties     33
Custom and Other Sources of International Law     43
Customary International Law     43
Custom as International Law     43
The Art of Customary International Law     46
The Evidences of International Law     50
The Resolutions and Recommendations of International Organizations     53
"Soft Law"     55
The Inelegance of Customary International Law     56
Nonconsensual Sources of International Law     57
General Principles of Law     58
Natural Law     62
Jus Cogens     65
Equity and International Law     69
Equity as a Form of Judicial Discretion     70
Equity as a Form of Distributive Justice     78
The Role ofJudges and Publicists     83
International Law and Municipal Law     87
Dualism and Monism     87
Treaties in Municipal Law     88
Treaties in U.S. Law     89
Treaties in the Law of Some Other States     100
Customary International Law in Municipal Law     105
The Law of Nations as Common Law     105
Constitutions and General International Law     111
Foreign Relations Law     112
International Law and the Interpretation of U.S. Law     116
The International Court     119
Public International Arbitration     119
The Foundations of the International Court     128
The Roles of the International Court     132
The Record of the International Court     132
The International Court as Arbiter     134
The Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court     138
The Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Court     150
The International Court and the Development of International Law     154
The Reform of the International Court     156
Preliminary Rulings     157
Chambers     159
The Proliferation of International Courts     163
States and International Law     165
Sovereignty and International Law     165
Hobbes and the Sovereign State     167
Grotius and the Law of War and Peace     169
Law and War     176
The Development of the Laws of War     176
Great Wars and Futile Laws     180
Arms Control and Disarmament     182
International Humanitarian Law     188
The State and International Relations     191
States as Subjects of International Law     191
The Rights and Duties of States     194
Self-Defense, Intervention, and Preemptive War     196
The Territory of States     199
The Recognition and Succession of States and Governments     200
Non-State Actors     204
International Organizations and Regimes     205
International Organizations     205
International Organizations as Subjects of International Law     205
The League of Nations     209
The United Nations     214
International Regimes     221
The Law of the Sea     222
Air Law, Space Law, and Antarctica     234
International Environmental Law     239
Individuals and International Law      247
Individuals as Objects and Subjects of International Law     247
The Positivist Transformation of the Law of Nations     247
State Protection of and Responsibility for Individuals     255
International Human Rights Law     261
Human Rights and Natural Law     261
The Nuremberg Trial and Universal Human Rights Law     264
European Human Rights Law     269
Inter-American Human Rights Law     283
The International Criminal Courts     290
International Law and the International Economy     295
The Transnational Law of Trade and Commerce     295
International Commercial Law     296
International Trade Law     301
European Union Law     305
The European Community     306
The European Court of Justice     309
Community Law as International Law     315
International Commercial Arbitration     317
The Character of International Commercial Arbitration     317
International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration     319
Other International Arbitral Centers     322
International Conflict of Laws     327
Principles of Jurisdiction     328
The Territorial Principle     328
The Nationality Principle     330
The Effects Principle     331
Other Principles of Jurisdiction     334
Judicial Conflicts and Cooperation     336
Comity, Constitutional Limits, and Forum Non Conveniens     336
International Legal Limits to State Jurisdiction     345
Foreign Judgments and Awards     349
Judicial Assistance and Extradition     353
Immunities to Jurisdiction     357
Foreign Sovereign Immunity     357
The Act of State Doctrine     364
Diplomatic and Consular Immunities     371
Table of Municipal Constitutions and Statutes     375
Table of Treaties     377
Table of Cases     383
Index     387