| Preface | ix |
| Acknowledgments | xiii |
| Book 1 | A Sovereign Profession: The Rise of Medical Authority and the Shaping of the Medical System | |
| Introduction: The Social Origins of Professional Sovereignty | 3 |
| The Roots of Authority | |
| Dependence and Legitimacy | |
| Cultural Authority and Occupational Control | |
| Steps in a Transformation | |
| The Growth of Medical Authority | |
| From Authority to Economic Power | |
| Strategic Position and the Defense of Autonomy | |
| Chapter 1 | Medicine in a Democratic Culture, 1760-1850 | 30 |
| Domestic Medicine | |
| Professional Medicine | |
| From England to America | |
| Professional Education on an Open Market | |
| The Frustration of Professionalism | |
| The Medical Counterculture | |
| Popular Medicine | |
| The Thomsonians and the Frustration of Anti-Professionalism | |
| The Eclipse of Legitimate Complexity | |
| Chapter 2 | The Expansion of the Market | 60 |
| The Emerging Market Before the Civil War | |
| The Changing Ecology of Medical Practice | |
| The Local Transportation Revolution | |
| Work, Time, and the Segregation of Disorder | |
| The Market and Professional Autonomy | |
| Chapter 3 | The Consolidation of Professional Authority, 1850-1930 | 79 |
| Physicians and Social Structure in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America | |
| Class | |
| Status | |
| Powerlessness | |
| Medicine's Civil War and Reconstruction | |
| The Origins of Medical Sectarianism | |
| Conflict and Convergence | |
| Licensing and Organization | |
| Medical Education and the Restoration of Occupational Control | |
| Reform from Above | |
| Consolidating the System | |
| The Aftermath of Reform | |
| The Retreat of Private Judgment | |
| Authority over Medication | |
| Ambiguity and Competence | |
| The Renewal of Legitimate Complexity | |
| Chapter 4 | The Reconstitution of the Hospital | 145 |
| The Inner Transformation | |
| Hospitals Before and After 1870 | |
| The Making of the Modern Hospital | |
| The Triumph of the Professional Community | |
| The Pattern of the Hospital System | |
| Class, Politics, and Ethnicity | |
| The Peculiar Bureaucracy | |
| Chapter 5 | The Boundaries of Public Health | 180 |
| Public Health, Private Practice | |
| The Dispensary and the Limits of Charity | |
| Health Departments and the Limits of Government | |
| From Reform to the Checkup | |
| The Modernization of Dirt and the New Public Health | |
| The Prevention of Health Centers | |
| Chapter 6 | Escape from the Corporation, 1900-1930 | 198 |
| Professional Resistance to Corporate Control | |
| Company Doctors and Medical Companies | |
| Consumers' Clubs | |
| The Origins and Limits of Private Group Practice | |
| Capitalism and the Doctors | |
| Why No Corporate Enterprise in Medical Care? | |
| Professionalism and the Division of Labor | |
| The Economic Structure of American Medicine | |
| Book 2 | The Struggle for Medical Care: Doctors, the State, and the Coming of the Corporation | |
| Chapter 1 | The Mirage of Reform | 235 |
| A Comparative Perspective | |
| The Origins of Social Insurance | |
| Why America Lagged | |
| Grand Illusions, 1915-1920 | |
| The Democratization of Efficiency | |
| Labor and Capital Versus Reform | |
| Defeat Comes to the Progressives | |
| Evolution in Defeat, 1920-1932 | |
| The New Deal and Health Insurance, 1932-1943 | |
| The Making of Social Security | |
| The Depression, Welfare Medicine, and the Doctors | |
| A Second Wind | |
| Symbolic Politics, 1943-1950 | |
| Socialized Medicine and the Cold War | |
| Three Times Denied | |
| Chapter 2 | The Triumph of Accommodation | 290 |
| The Birth of the Blues, 1929-1945 | |
| The Emergence of Blue Cross | |
| Holding the Line | |
| The Physicians' Shield | |
| The Rise of Private Social Security, 1945-1959 | |
| Enter the Unions | |
| A Struggle for Control | |
| The Growth of Prepaid Group Practice | |
| The Commercial Edge | |
| The Accommodation of Insurance | |
| Chapter 3 | The Liberal Years | 335 |
| Aid and Autonomy, 1945-1960 | |
| Public Investment in Science | |
| The Tilt Toward the Hospital | |
| The Structural Impact of Postwar Policy | |
| The New Structure of Opportunity | |
| The New Structure of Power | |
| Redistribution without Reorganization, 1961-1969 | |
| The Liberal Opportunity | |
| Redistributive Reform and Its Impact | |
| The Politics of Accommodation | |
| Chapter 4 | End of a Mandate | 379 |
| Losing Legitimacy, 1970-1974 | |
| Discovery of a Crisis | |
| The Contradictions of Accommodation | |
| The Generalization of Rights | |
| The Conservative Assimilation of Reform | |
| Health Policy in a Blocked Society, 1975-1980 | |
| An Obstructed Path | |
| The Generalization of Doubt | |
| The Liberal Impasse | |
| The Reprivatization of the Public Household | |
| Chapter 5 | The Coming of the Corporation | 420 |
| Zero-Sum Medical Practice | |
| The Doctor "Surplus" and Competition | |
| Collision Course | |
| The Growth of Corporate Medicine | |
| Elements of the Corporate Transformation | |
| The Consolidation of the Hospital System | |
| The Decomposition of Voluntarism | |
| The Trajectory of Organization | |
| Doctors, Corporations, and the State | |
| Notes | 450 |
| Index | 496 |
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