Reading Group Guide
Zipporah, Wife of Moses, is bestselling novelist Marek Halter's latest portrait of a noteworthy woman of the Bible. In a spectacular feat of imagination, Halter has breathed new life into this little-known, though influential, Old Testament figure. Orphaned as an infant, Zipporah is adopted by Jethro, high priest and sage of the Hebrew Midianites, who raises her as his own, despite her black skin. Although she is accepted and adored by his family, as a woman her color keeps the Midianite men at bay. She feels forever an outsider--until one day she meets Moses, himself a fugitive from Pharaoh's Egypt. Their connection is immediate, and before long, Moses asks Zipporah to be his wife. But her innate wisdom, and the sense of justice instilled by Jethro, are stronger even than her passion for the love of her life: Zipporah refuses to marry Moses until he fulfills his destiny and frees his people from Pharaoh's brutal slavery.
Bold, independent, and a true survivor, Zipporah is a fascinating heroine, and her world of desert oases, temples, and ancient wonders is a fitting backdrop to an epic tale.
This guide is designed to help direct your reading group's discussion of Marek Halter's powerful novel.
1. Before reading this novel, how much--or how little--did you know of Zipporah's story? Read the portions of Exodus pertaining to Zipporah's story. How has the novel changed your understanding of her importance? Of Moses' actions?
2. If you haven't already, read the beautiful excerpt from Song of Solomon on page vii. What did this make you expect from the book? What about the other biblical quotations on page vii?
3. Discuss how the novel changes your perspective onrace relations: How have they changed since biblical times, if at all? Would Zipporah's experience be any different today?
4. On page 1, Zipporah says, "I have had a dream." Considering that this is the story of Moses and the Jews' exodus from slavery, does this strike you as an intentional reference to the famous speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.? Do you see any other King allusions in the novel, for example to the Promised Land?
5. What is the significance of Zipporah's dream? In what ways did it come true, and in what ways did its accuracy fail? On page 73, Jethro says to Zipporah, "Live your dream in sleep, but do not let your life become a sleep." Lacking Zipporah's influence, do you believe Moses might have done just that?
6. On page 36, Zipporah watches Moses catching fish and sees "a vast shimmer on the sea, much more intense than any of the others, like a wind spreading light as far as the shore." Several pages later we read, "In the days, weeks, and years that followed, Zipporah was often to remember that moment, a moment she was sure was neither as brief nor as supernatural as it had seemed to her at the time." In the end, what did this moment mean?
7. When Moses confesses that he has killed a man on page 64, instead of turning him away or being afraid, Jethro invites Moses to tell his story. At this point, Jethro knows virtually nothing about him. What makes Jethro react this way? Is it Zipporah's influence?
8. Both Moses and Zipporah are adopted by powerful families. Do you believe this shaped their destinies, or were the adoptions themselves preordained?
9. Throughout the novel, various characters are portrayed as storytellers. Do you believe this is how the stories of the Bible were shared initially? Was this how Moses' story was passed down? If so, how might that explain Zipporah's minor role in the recorded bible?
10. It seems on pages 120-121 that Moses would be quite content to be a shepherd in Midian with Zipporah as his wife, but Zipporah sees something more in his destiny. She says, "I know you must put on your gold bracelets and go among those who are your people. You must hold back the whip that strikes them." How does she know this? What gives her the strength to refuse him, even after bearing his children?
11. Why did Jethro allow both Zipporah and Orma to refuse to marry suitable men? If he weren't a powerful man, would he have been so willing? Discuss the role of women in Midian society and contrast it to Hebrew and Egyptian life.
12. How did Marek Halter's depiction of the burning bush deepen your understanding of the story?
13. When Moses and Zipporah meet Moses' family, Miriam's response to Zipporah is immediately negative, while Yokeved's is the exact opposite. Why do you think there is such a difference between the sister and the mother?
14. On page 229, Zipporah says, "The Moses [the Hebrews] need must belong to them more than he belongs to his wife." Why does she feel this way? Does the same hold true for the wives of today's leaders?
15. When Miriam shows her scarred body to Zipporah, it changes radically the way Zipporah feels about her own place in the world. Was she right?
16. In his efforts to strengthen Zipporah's resolve, Jethro says, "The only reason some of [the Hebrews] are still standing, still holding their heads high as men and women should, is because they cling to their own wounds, like a climber clinging to the rocks on Horeb's mountain." Are there any groups that you believe are behaving this way today?
17. In Halter's depiction, Aaron and Miriam turn out to be somewhat treacherous. Is it purely jealousy, or something deeper? How does this jibe with your knowledge of the biblical characters?
18. After Zipporah's murder, Moses refuses the suggestion of retribution against the Midianites. "What good would that do? What she wanted was trust, respect, and love. Not war. She wanted caresses to beautify the blackness of her skin. How long is it since I last gave them to her? I, too, killed her." What does Moses mean by this? What has he learned?
19. Re-read the last lines of the novel: "Who, though, will remember Zipporah the black woman, the Cushite? Who will remember what she accomplished? Who will still speak her name?" How would you answer those questions? Discuss Zipporah's legacy.
Read an Excerpt
Zipporah, Wife of Moses
By Marek Halter Random House
Marek Halter
All right reserved. ISBN: 1400052793
Chapter One
The Fugitive
That day, and all the days that followed, Horeb remained silent.
The dream lingered for a long time in Zipporah's body, like the poison left by an illness.
For several moons, she dreaded the night. She lay on her bed without moving, without closing her eyes, without even daring to touch her lips with her tongue for fear of finding the taste of the stranger's mouth on them.
She thought for a moment of confiding in her father Jethro. Who better to counsel her than the sage of the kings of Midian? Who loved her more than he did? Who better understood her torments?
But she said nothing. She did not want to seem too weak, too childish, too much like other women, who were always ready to believe their hearts rather than their eyes. He was so proud of her, and she wanted to show him that she was strong and sensible and held firm to all the things he had taught her.
With time, the images of the dream faded. The Egyptian's face became blurred. A season went by without her thinking of it once. Then, one morning, Jethro announced to his daughters that young Reba, the son of the king of Sheba, one of the five kings of Midian, would be their guest the next day.
"He has come to ask counsel of me. He will be here before the end of the day. We shall welcome him as he deserves."
The news provoked a great deal of mirth among the women of the house. All of them--Jethro's daughters, the handmaids--knew what was going on. For more than a year, barely a moon had passed without Reba coming to seek Jethro's counsel.
While everyone bustled to prepare the next day's banquet, some preparing the food, others the reception tent and the carpets and cushions that had to be laid out in the courtyard, it was Sefoba, the eldest of Jethro's daughters still living in their father's house, who, with her usual directness, said out loud what everyone was thinking:
"Reba has had more counsel by now than anyone needs in a lifetime--unless, behind that handsome little face of his, he's the stupidest man Horeb has ever created. What he really wants to know is if he still appeals to our dear Orma. He's hoping Father will think his patience a sign of wisdom and agree to make him his son-in-law!"
Orma shrugged. "We all know why he's coming," she admitted. "But what's the point of these visits? They bore me. They're always the same. Reba sits down with our father, spends half the night chatting and drinking wine, and then goes home again, without ever making his mind up to say the necessary words."
"Yes, I wonder why," Sefoba said, pretending to be thinking deeply. "Perhaps he doesn't find you beautiful enough?"
Orma glared at her sister, unsure whether she was joking. Sefoba laughed, pleased with her teasing. Zipporah sensed that they might be building up to one of their customary quarrels. She stroked the back of Orma's neck to calm her, and received a slap on the hand by way of thanks.
Although they had the same mother, Sefoba and Orma could not have been more dissimilar. Sefoba was short and round, sensual and tender, with nothing dazzling about her. Her smile revealed her lack of guile, the honesty of her thoughts and feelings. She was completely trustworthy and, more than once, Zipporah had confided to her what she did not dare tell anyone else. Orma, on the other hand, was like one of those stars that keep their brilliance even when the sky is already flooded with sunlight. There was no woman more beautiful in Jethro's house, perhaps in the whole of Midian. And certainly no woman prouder of this gift of Horeb.
Suitors had written long poems about the splendor of her eyes, the grace of her mouth, the elegance of her neck. In their songs, the shepherds, although they did not dare mention her by name, vaunted her breasts and her hips, comparing them to fabulous fruits, strange animals, and magic spells cast by goddesses. Orma savored this fame, never tired of it. But she seemed perfectly content to inflame others, without herself being inflamed. No man had yet been able to arouse in her an interest greater than the interest she had in herself. She was the despair of Jethro, who saw her fussing over her robes, her cosmetics, and her jewels as if they were the most precious things in the world. He had had no success in making her a wife and mother. Although she was the youngest daughter of his blood and he loved her dearly, there were times when even he, who rarely lost his composure, could not restrain his harsh judgment of her.
"Orma is like the desert wind," he would rage, in Zipporah's presence. "She blows first one way then the other. She's like a bladder that fills with air and then bursts. Her mind is an empty chest. Even the dust of memory won't settle in it! She's a jewel, of course, and she grows more beautiful every day, but I sometimes wonder if Horeb is angry with me and is using her to test me."
"You're too hard on her," Zipporah would gently protest. "Orma knows very well what she wants and has a strong will, but she's young."
"She's three years older than you," Jethro would reply. "It's high time she thought less about making hay and more about making babies!"
In fact, there had been no lack of suitors. But Jethro, having promised Orma that he would never choose a husband for her without her consent, was still waiting, just like the suitors. Now new songs were being sung across the land of Midian, saying that the beautiful Orma, daughter of Jethro the sage, had been born to break the hardest of hearts and that Horeb would soon transform her, as virgin as the day she was born, into a superb rock on his mountain, caressed only by the wind. But now Reba had decided to take up the challenge, and was endlessly coming to pay his respects to Jethro with the impatience of a warlord before a battle. Nobody doubted that his persistence deserved its reward.
"This time, little sister," Sefoba resumed, "you really must make up your mind."
"Why should I?"
"Because Reba deserves it!"
"No more than anyone else."
"Oh, come on!" Sefoba said, warming to the argument. "What other man would you prefer? Everything about him is pleasing."
"To an ordinary woman!"
"To you, Princess. Do you want a man worthy of your beauty? Ask any of the women here, young or old. Reba is the handsomest of men--tall and slim, skin the color of fresh dates, firm buttocks! Who wouldn't want to give him a cuddle?"
"That's true," Orma chuckled.
"Do you want a rich man, a man of power?" Sefoba went on. "He'll soon be succeeding his father as king, and then he'll own the most fertile pastureland and caravans so richly laden they stretch from sunrise to sunset. You'll have gold and fabrics from the East, and as many handmaids as there are days in the year!"
"What do you take me for? To become a man's wife just because his caravans are so impressive--how boring!"
"They say Reba can sit on a camel's hump for a week without getting tired. Do you know what that means?"
"I'm not a camel, I don't need to be straddled every night--unlike you, squealing loud enough to stop other people sleeping!"
Sefoba's purple cheeks turned crimson. "How do you know that?" she cried, which merely increased the general laughter. "Well, all right, it's true," she admitted. "When my husband isn't running after his flocks, he comes to me every night and eats me up! My heart isn't dry like Orma's, I enjoy giving it nourishment. And doing it every night," she concluded, now joining in the laughter, "isn't as easy as lighting a fire to bake cakes!"
"The fact is, the seasons are passing," Zipporah said softly, when calm had returned. "You've already rejected every other suitor, my dear Orma. If you send Reba away, who else will dare to want you?"
Orma looked at her with a touch of surprise, a stubborn grimace creasing her pretty nose. "If Reba is only coming here to talk to Father, without declaring himself, then I shall stay in my room tomorrow. He won't even see me."
"You know perfectly well why Reba doesn't ask Father for your hand! He's afraid you'll refuse. He has his pride, too. Your very silence has become an affront. This may be the last time--"
"Tell them I'm ill," Orma interrupted. "Just look sad and worried, and they'll believe you . . ."
"I shan't say anything!" Zipporah protested. "I certainly shan't tell a lie."
"It won't be a lie! I will be ill. You'll see."
"Nonsense!" Sefoba exclaimed. "We know exactly what we'll see! You'll paint your face until you glow and, as usual, you'll be more beautiful than a goddess. Reba will only have eyes for you. He won't even touch the excellent food we serve him. That's really the saddest thing about being your sister. The proudest, handsomest men come here, and always end up looking stupid!"
The handmaids, who had been all ears, burst out laughing, and Orma laughed with them.
Zipporah got to her feet. "Let's take the sheep to the well," she said, decisively. "It's our day and we're already late. Forget about husbands for the moment--real or imagined."
The well of Irmna was a good hour's walk from Jethro's domain. In the distance rose the great mountain of the god Horeb, its covering of petrified lava sparkling in the evening sun. Below it, between the folds of red rock, plains of short grass, sometimes green in winter, stretched as far as the sea. Such was the land of Midian, vast, harsh, and tender, a land of burning sand and volcanic dust where scattered oases shimmered like oil in the desert heat. The wells of abundant, miraculous water found at the oases were both sources of life and gathering places.
Every seven days, those who had pitched their tents less than two or three hours away by road, or who, like Jethro, owned gardens, flocks, and brick houses, were entitled to fill their goatskins at the well of Irmna. They were also allowed to let their flocks drink there, whatever the size of the flock, provided they finished in the time it took the shadow of the sun to move six cubits.
It was late summer, and the men had already left Jethro's domain with the livestock to sell it in the markets of the land of Moab, along with the iron weapons produced by the armorers. They would not return until the dead of winter. In the meantime, it was the women's job to lead the remaining animals to the well. This was where Zipporah and her sisters, with the casualness of habit, were taking their sheep. As they tramped along in their clogs, the dust rose off the road like flour.
The tall shaft of the shadoof was already in sight when Jethro's daughters noticed a herd of long-horned cows pressing around the adjoining drinking troughs.
Sefoba frowned. "Look, they're drinking our water! Whose animals are those?"
Four men appeared, pushing the cows aside with their staffs. They all had thick beards, and were dressed in old, patched tunics white with dust. They positioned themselves at the top of the track, and planted their staffs in the ground.
Orma and Sefoba came to a standstill, while their sheep went on by themselves. Zipporah, who had been walking behind, now joined them and shaded her eyes from the sun to get a better look at the men.
"They're Houssenek's sons," she said. "I recognize the eldest, the one with the leather necklace."
"Well, this isn't their day," Orma said, setting off again. "They'll just have to go."
"They don't look as if they want to," Sefoba observed.
"Whether they want to or not, this isn't their day, and they're going to leave!" Orma said, angry now.
The sheep had sensed water. It was too late to stop them. They began trotting toward the troughs, jostling one another and bleating.
Zipporah caught hold of Sefoba's arm. "Less than a moon ago, our father passed an unfavorable judgment on Houssenek. He and his sons aren't too keen on the law."
Sefoba, eyebrows raised, asked her to explain what she meant. But they were both interrupted by Orma's shouts: "What are you doing? Have you gone mad?"
Houssenek's sons had started running toward the sheep, yelling raucously. In a panic, the animals began to disperse. Within a few seconds, they had scattered in all directions. Zipporah and Sefoba tried in vain to stop them. Some ran down the slope, risking breaking their necks on the rocks. Houssenek's sons laughed and swung their staffs.
Sefoba stopped running. Out of breath, her eyes black with rage, she pointed at the scattered flock. "If a single sheep is hurt, you'll regret this! We are Jethro's daughters, and this is his flock."
The four men stopped laughing.
"We know perfectly well who you are," muttered the one Zipporah had pointed out as the eldest.
"Then you also know it isn't your turn to be at the well," Orma retorted. "Get out of here and leave us in peace. What's more, you stink like old oxen! It's quite disgusting!"
She underlined her disgust with a grimace, adjusted her tunic, which had slipped from her shoulder, and walked toward Zipporah. Heedless of her insults, the men watched her, fascinated.
"It's our day today," one of them said. "And tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow, too, if we feel like it."
"You animal!" Orma snapped. "You know very well that isn't true."
Zipporah placed a hand on her arm to silence her.
The one who had spoken before started laughing again. "It's our day whenever we like. We've decided this well belongs to us."
Sefoba let out a cry of rage.
Zipporah stepped forward. "I know you, son of Houssenek. My father passed judgment on you and your brothers for stealing a she-camel. If stopping us from reaching the well is some kind of revenge, it's stupid.
Continues...
Excerpted from Zipporah, Wife of Moses by Marek Halter Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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