Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Writing a Paragraph 1
Paragraph Structure 2
The Three Parts of a Paragraph 3
The Topic Sentence 4
Position of Topic Sentences 5
The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence 9
Supporting Sentences 11
The Concluding Sentence 13
Review 16
Writing Practice 16
Unity and Coherence 18
Unity 18
Coherence 21
Repetition of Key Nouns 22
Key Noun Substitutes 23
Consistent Pronouns 24
Transition Signals 25
Logical Order 34
Review 36
Writing Practice 37
Supporting Details: Facts, Quotations, and Statistics 39
Facts versus Opinions 39
Using Outside Sources 41
Plagiarism 41
Citing Sources 42
Quotations 42
Direct Quotations 42
Reporting Verbs and Phrases 43
Punctuating Direct Quotations 45
IndirectQuotations 47
Writing Practice 49
Statistics 51
Writing Practice 53
Review 54
Writing an Essay 55
From Paragraph to Essay 56
The Three Parts of an Essay 56
The Introductory Paragraph 59
Funnel Introduction 60
Attention-Getting Introduction 61
Thesis Statement 63
Body Paragraphs 64
Logical Division of Ideas 64
Thesis Statements for Logical Division of Ideas 65
Thesis Statement Pitfalls 67
Transition Signals between Paragraphs 69
The Concluding Paragraph 72
Essay Outlining 75
Review 77
Writing Practice 78
Applying What You Have Learned 78
Reading 79
Questions 80
Suggestions for Discussion or Writing 80
Chronological Order: Process Essays 81
Thesis Statements for a Process Essay 84
Transition Signals for Chronological Order 86
Review 88
Writing Practice 89
Applying What You Have Learned 89=970 14$lReading 1 89
Questions 90
Suggestions for Discussion or Writing 91=970 14$lReading 2 92
Questions 92
Suggestions for Discussion or Writing 93
Cause/Effect Essays 94
Organization for Cause/Effect Order 95
Block Organization 95
Chain Organization 98
Cause/Effect Signal Words and Phrases 101
Cause Signal Words 101
Effect Signal Words 102
Review 105
Writing Practice 105
Applying What You Have Learned 106
Reading 107
Questions 108
Suggestions for Discussion or Writing 110
Comparison/Contrast Essays 111
Organization of Comparison/Contrast Essays 113
Point-by-Point Organization 113
Block Organization 114
Comparison and Contrast Signal Words 116
Comparison Signal Words 116
Contrast Signal Words 119
Review 122
Writing Practice 123
Applying What You Have Learned 124
Reading 124
Questions 126
Suggestions for Discussion or Writing 126
Paraphrase and Summary 127
Paraphrasing 127
Plagiarism 128
Using Paraphrases as Support 135
Summarizing 136
Review 141
Argumentative Essays 142
Organization of Argumentative Essays 143
The Introductory Paragraph 147
Thesis Statement 147
Review 150
Writing Practice 150
Applying What You Have Learned 151
Topic 1, Reading 1 151
Questions 153
Topic 1, Reading 2 154
Questions 155
Topic 2, Reading 1 156
Questions 157
Topic 2, Reading 2 158
Questions 160
Sentence Structure 161
Types of Sentences 162
Clauses 162
Independent Clauses 163
Dependent Clauses 163
Kinds of Sentences 164
Simple Sentences 164
Compound Sentences 165
Complex Sentences 172
Compound-Complex Sentences 174
Sentence Types and Writing Style 175
Review 177
Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Sentence Problems 179
Parallelism 179
Parallelism with Coordinators: And, Or, But 180
Parallelism with Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions 181
Sentence Problems 183
Sentence Fragments 183
Choppy Sentences 185
Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices 188
Stringy Sentences 190
Review 191
Editing Practice 193
Noun Clauses 194
That Clauses 195
Sentences Beginning with It 196
Special Verb Tenses in That Clauses 198
If/Whether Clauses 201
Question Clauses 204
Review 206
Editing Practice 207
Writing Practice 208
Adverb Clauses 210
Kinds of Adverb Clauses 211
Punctuation of Adverb Clauses 211
Time Clauses 211
Place Clauses 213
Distance, Frequency, and Manner Clauses 214
Reason Clauses 216
Result Clauses 218
Purpose Clauses 220
Contrast Clauses 222
Direct Opposition Clauses 222
Concession (Unexpected Result) Clauses 223
Conditional Clauses 225
Review 227
Editing Practice 228
Writing Practice 229
Adjective Clauses 230
Relative Pronouns and Adverbs 231
Position of Adjective Clauses 231
Verb Agreement in Adjective Clauses 232
Kinds of Adjective Clauses 234
Relative Pronouns as Subjects 234
Relative Pronouns as Objects 236
Possessive Adjective Clauses 238
Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions 240
Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality 243
Adjective Clauses of Time and Place 244
Review 247
Editing Practice 248
Writing Practice 249
Participial Phrases 250
Participles 250
Participial Phrases 251
Reduced Adjective Clauses 252
Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrases 252
General Form -ing Participial Phrases 253
General Form -ed Participial Phrases 254
Perfect Form Participial Phrases 255
Participial Phrases and Writing Style 257
Reduced Adverb Clauses 258
Review 261
Editing Practice 263
Writing Practice 263
The Process of Academic Writing 265
Creating (Prewriting) 265
Planning (Outlining) 271
Writing 272
Polishing 273
Editing Practice 277
Punctuation Rules 280
Commas 280
Semicolons 283
Colons 285
Quotation Marks 288
Editing Practice 289
Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 291
Coordinating Words 291
Subordinating Words 292
Conjunctive Adverbs 295
Transition Signals 297
Editing Symbols 300
Research and Documentation of Sources 303
Types of Sources 303
Evaluating Sources 304
Documentation of Sources 306
In-Text Citations 306
Works-Cited Lists 308
Self-Editing and Peer-Editing Worksheets 313
Scoring Rubrics 315
Index 331
Credits 337
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