Introduction to Wilderness First Aid     1
What Is Wilderness?     1
What Is Wilderness First Aid?     2
Legal and Ethical Issues     4
Psychological and Emotional Issues     5
Infectious Disease Precautions     6
Immunizations     7
Travel Medical Insurance     9
Action at an Emergency     10
Approaching a Victim     11
Mechanisms of Injury     11
Getting to Victims     13
Motor Vehicle Crashes     16
Wildland Fires     17
Animals     18
Confined Spaces     19
Moving a Victim     19
Extrication From Difficult Locations     24
Seeking Help     25
Guidelines for Evacuation     29
Victim Assessment and Urgent Care     31
Assessment     31
Scene Survey     32
Initial Assessment     33
Victim's History     40
Vital Signs and Physical Exam     42
Ongoing Assessment     51
Multiple-Victim Incidents (Triage)     51
Care of Bleeding, Wounds, and Burns     53
Bleeding     53
Wounds     57
Burns     67
Dressings and Bandages     75
Dressings     75
Bandages     76
Applying and Removing a Dressing     78
Bandaging Techniques     79
Head and Facial injuries     88
Injuries of the Scalp and Face     89
Eye Problems     91
Ear Problems     98
Nose Injuries     99
Throat Obstruction     100
Jaw Injuries     101
Injuries of the Lips and Tongue     102
Dental Problems     103
Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries     110
Bone Injuries     111
Joint Injuries     119
Muscle Injuries     120
Specific Bone and Joint Injuries     123
Upper Extremity Injuries     125
Lower Extremity Injuries     137
Spinal Injuries     146
Guidelines for Evacuation of Musculoskeletal Injuries     152
Circulatory Emergencies     156
Anatomy and Physiology     156
Shock     158
Internal Bleeding     160
Heart Disease and Chest Pain     160
Respiratory Emergencies      164
Anatomy and Physiology     164
Chest Injury     165
Respiratory Illnesses     170
Neurologic Emergencies     180
Anatomy and Physiology     180
The Unresponsive Victim     182
The Responsive Victim     185
Head Injury     186
Other Neurologic Problems     189
Abdominal Emergencies     199
Anatomy of the Abdomen     199
Abdominal Injuries     200
Abdominal Illnesses     205
Evacuation Guidelines for Abdominal Problems     210
Diabetic Emergencies and Allergic Reactions     213
Diabetic Emergencies     213
Acute Complications of Diabetes     215
Allergic Reactions     218
Genitourinary Problems     224
Female Problems     225
Emergency Delivery     230
Pregnancy and Wilderness Travel-General Considerations     232
Male Problems     233
Guidelines for Evacuation of Genitourinary Problems     236
Physical and Environmental Hazards     240
Acclimatization     241
Acute Mountain Sickness     242
Cold Injury      247
Heat Illness     257
Lightning Injury     261
Poisons, Toxins, and Poisonous Plants     266
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning     267
Toxic Plants and Poisons     268
Plant-Induced Dermatitis     269
Animal Bites, Human Bites, and Snake Bites     274
Animal Bites     275
Human Bites     278
Snake Bites     278
Insect and Arthropod Bites and Stings     286
Spider Bites     286
Scorpion Stings     289
Centipede Bites     290
Tick Bites     290
Mosquito Bites     293
Lice     293
Insect Stings     294
Insect Repellents     295
Water Emergencies     299
Scuba Diving Injuries     302
Marine Animal Stings     304
CPR Basics     311
CPR     311
Infants     314
Airway Obstruction and Choking     316
First Aid Equipment and Supplies     319
Field Water Disinfection     330
Methods of Water Disinfection     330
Special Techniques for Water Disinfection     336
Choice of Technigue      337
Camp Hygiene     338
Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement     340
Replacement of Intestinal Fluid Losses     340
Improving the Odds of Survival     344
Clothing     344
Shelter     345
Water and Food     345
Heat     346
Light     347
Route Finding and Navigation     347
Travel Aids     347
Tools and Repair Kit     348
Communication Equipment     349
Index     351
Image Credits     368