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Written in a conversational style, this book introduces students to the foundations of intercultural communication, a vibrant discipline within the field. Authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Leeva Chung take a multicontextual, inclusive approach that balances international and intercultural communication issues against U.S. domestic diversity issues. In addition to emphasizing a value-oriented perspective on intercultural encounters, the text contains a robust ethical chapter, complete with specific guidelines that will help students become ethical intercultural communicators.
By integrating current empirical research with lively intercultural examples, the authors ask thought-provoking questions and pose ethical dilemmas for students to ponder. The text offers a sprawling treatment of such topics as ethnic and cultural identity change, culture shock and intercultural adjustment, romantic relationships and raising bicultural children, global identity challenges, and decision-making choices in intercultural ethics.
NEW TO THIS EDITION:
* Two new special features, "Blog Pic" and "Blog Post," which update all the photos and poignant personal stories found throughout the first edition
* A greater focus on the impact of technology on intercultural communication message exchange processes
* An updated discussion of multiracial and biracial identity in Chapter 4
* Updates to the popular "Jeopardy Boxes"
· More than 250 new references
* "Live-chat," a special boxed feature, which emphasizes the importance of adaptive code-switching in managing intercultural misunderstanding via lively dialogue
SUPPORT PACKAGE FOR INSTRUCTORS:
An Instructor's Manual / Test Bank that contains more than 500 pages of original exercises, activities, up-to-date media resources, classical and contemporary film lists, sample syllabi, and paper assignments.
A password-protected Companion Website that features the Instructor's Manual, PowerPoint lecture slides, a Student Success Manual, and links to supplemental material and films.
California State University, FullertonUniversity of San Diego
| Preface | xi | |
| Acknowledgments | xiv | |
| About the Authors | xvii | |
| 1 | Why Study Intercultural Communication? | 1 |
| Practical Reasons to Study Intercultural Communication | 3 | |
| Adapting to Global and Domestic Workforce Diversity | 3 | |
| Improving Multicultural Health Care Communication | 7 | |
| Engaging in Creative Problem Solving | 9 | |
| Enhancing Intercultural Relationship Satisfaction | 10 | |
| Deepening Self-Awareness | 12 | |
| Fostering Global and Intrapersonal Peace | 13 | |
| Intercultural Communication Flexibility | 15 | |
| Knowledge, Attitude, and Skills | 16 | |
| Flexible Intercultural Communication: Four Criteria | 17 | |
| Mastering Intercultural Communication Flexibility | 19 | |
| A Staircase Model | 19 | |
| Communicating Flexibly | 21 | |
| 2 | What Is Intercultural Communication? | 25 |
| Culture: A Learned Meaning System | 27 | |
| Surface-Level Culture: Popular Culture | 28 | |
| Intermediate-Level Culture: Symbols, Meanings, and Norms | 31 | |
| Deep-Level Culture: Traditions, Beliefs, and Values | 33 | |
| Understanding Intercultural Communication: A Process Model | 37 | |
| Intercultural Communication Process: Overall Characteristics | 39 | |
| Intercultural Communication: Meaning Characteristics | 41 | |
| Practicing Intercultural Process Thinking | 43 | |
| Process Consciousness: Underlying Principles | 43 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 48 | |
| 3 | What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns? | 51 |
| Functions of Cultural Values | 53 | |
| Analyzing Cultural Values | 54 | |
| Identity Meaning Function | 54 | |
| Explanatory Function | 55 | |
| Boundary Regulation Function | 55 | |
| Adaptational Function | 56 | |
| Analyzing Cultural Value Dimensions | 56 | |
| Discovering Cultural Values | 57 | |
| Identity: Individualism-Collectivism Value Pattern | 59 | |
| Power: Small-Large Power Distance Value Pattern | 63 | |
| Uncertainty: Weak-Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Value Pattern | 64 | |
| Sex Roles: Feminine-Masculine Value Pattern | 66 | |
| Additional Value Orientation Patterns | 67 | |
| Value Orientations: Background Information | 68 | |
| Meaning: Doing-Being Activity Value Orientation | 70 | |
| Destiny: Controlling-Yielding People-Nature Value Orientation | 71 | |
| Time: Future-Past Temporal Value Orientation | 73 | |
| Space: Privacy-Communal Spatial Value Orientation | 74 | |
| Individual Socialization Development | 75 | |
| Independent Versus Interdependent Self-Construal | 77 | |
| Horizontal Versus Vertical Self-Construal | 77 | |
| Internal Versus External Locus of Control | 79 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 81 | |
| 4 | What Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities? | 83 |
| Family and Gender Socialization | 85 | |
| Family Socialization and Interaction Patterns | 87 | |
| Gender Socialization and Interaction Patterns | 90 | |
| Cultural-Ethnic Identity Formation | 91 | |
| Cultural Identity Conceptualization | 91 | |
| Ethnic Identity Conceptualization | 94 | |
| Group Membership: Intercultural Boundary Crossing | 98 | |
| Defining Acculturation and Enculturation | 98 | |
| Social Identity | 101 | |
| Systems-Level Factors | 102 | |
| Individual-Level Factors | 104 | |
| Interpersonal-Ethnic Media-Level Factors | 105 | |
| Ethnic-Cultural Identity Change Process | 107 | |
| Ethnic-Cultural Identity Typological Model | 107 | |
| Racial-Ethnic Identity Development Model | 108 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 110 | |
| 5 | What Is Culture Shock? | 113 |
| Understanding Culture Shock | 115 | |
| Culture Shock: Defining Characteristics | 116 | |
| Culture Shock: Pros and Cons | 118 | |
| Approaching Culture Shock: Underlying Factors | 118 | |
| Managing Culture Shock: Initial Tips | 122 | |
| Intercultural Adjustment: Developmental Patterns | 123 | |
| The U-Curve Adjustment Model | 126 | |
| The Revised W-Shaped Adjustment Model | 127 | |
| Culture Shock: Peaks and Valleys | 132 | |
| Reentry Culture Shock | 134 | |
| Reentry Culture Shock: Surprising Elements | 134 | |
| Resocialization: Different Returnees' Profiles | 135 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 136 | |
| 6 | What Is the Relationship Between Language and Culture? | 139 |
| Human Language: Distinctive Features | 141 | |
| Arbitrariness | 142 | |
| Abstractness | 143 | |
| Meaning-Centeredness | 144 | |
| Creativity | 145 | |
| Understanding Multiple Language Rules | 145 | |
| Phonological Rules | 147 | |
| Morphological Rules | 148 | |
| Syntactic Rules | 149 | |
| Semantic Rules | 149 | |
| Pragmatic Rules | 151 | |
| Understanding Diverse Language Functions | 153 | |
| The Cultural Worldview Function | 153 | |
| The Cognitive Formation Function | 154 | |
| The Social Reality Function | 156 | |
| The Group Identity Function | 158 | |
| The Social Change Function | 161 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 163 | |
| 7 | What Are the Major Differences in Intercultural Verbal Styles? | 167 |
| Intercultural Low-Context and High-Context Communication Framework | 169 | |
| Defining Low-Context and High-Context Communication | 169 | |
| Low-Context and High-Context Communication Examples | 172 | |
| Low-Context and High-Context VerbalStyle Comparisons | 175 | |
| Direct and Indirect Verbal Styles | 175 | |
| Complementary, Animated, and Understated Verbal Styles | 178 | |
| Informal and Formal Verbal Styles | 179 | |
| Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence | 181 | |
| Intercultural Conversation Process: Self-Disclosure | 182 | |
| Self-Disclosure: Verbal Revealment Versus Concealment | 182 | |
| Johari Window | 186 | |
| Intercultural Persuasion Process | 188 | |
| Linear Logic Versus Spiral Logic Persuasion | 188 | |
| Self-Credentialing and Self-Humbling Verbal Modes | 191 | |
| Face-Negotiation and Requesting Strategies | 193 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 194 | |
| 8 | What Are the Different Ways to Communicate Nonverbally Across Cultures? | 197 |
| The Importance of Nonverbal Communication | 199 | |
| What Is Nonverbal Communication? | 200 | |
| Actions or Words? | 201 | |
| One Code, Many Interpretations | 201 | |
| Verbal and Nonverbal Similarities | 202 | |
| Forms of Nonverbal Communication | 203 | |
| Artifacts and Clothing | 203 | |
| Paralanguage | 205 | |
| Facial Expressions | 206 | |
| Gestures | 210 | |
| Haptics | 212 | |
| Boundary Regulations | 214 | |
| Regulating Interpersonal Boundaries | 215 | |
| Environmental Boundaries | 217 | |
| Psychological Boundaries | 218 | |
| Regulating Time | 220 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 224 | |
| 9 | What Causes Us to Hold Biases Against Outgroups? | 227 |
| Through Our Lenses: Communication Filters | 230 | |
| Perception and Communication | 230 | |
| Ethnocentrism and Communication | 233 | |
| Stereotypes and Communication | 236 | |
| Stereotypes and Media | 238 | |
| Nearsighted Focus: Ingroup/Outgroup Membership Boundaries | 239 | |
| Us Versus Them | 239 | |
| Where Do I Fit In? | 241 | |
| Intergroup Attributions | 242 | |
| Shattered Lens: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism | 244 | |
| Prejudiced Remarks...or Innocent Jokes? | 245 | |
| Prejudice: Explanations and Functions | 247 | |
| Discrimination and Practice | 248 | |
| Different Types of Racism | 251 | |
| Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination | 254 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 255 | |
| 10 | What Are the Best Ways to Manage Intercultural Conflict? | 257 |
| Intercultural Conflict: Cultural Background Factors | 259 | |
| Culture-Based Conflict Lenses | 260 | |
| Intercultural Conflict Perceptions | 263 | |
| Intercultural Conflict Goal Issues | 265 | |
| Perceived Scarce Resources | 266 | |
| Intercultural Conflict Process Factors | 268 | |
| Defining Conflict Styles | 268 | |
| Cross-Cultural Conflict Styles | 274 | |
| Cross-Ethnic Conflict Styles and Facework | 276 | |
| Competent Intercultural Conflict Skills | 279 | |
| Facework Management | 280 | |
| Mindful Listening | 281 | |
| Cultural Empathy | 282 | |
| Mindful Reframing | 282 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 283 | |
| 11 | What Are the Challenges in Developing an Intercultural-Intimate Relationship? | 287 |
| Developing Intercultural-Intimate Relationships: Invisible Challenges | 289 | |
| Different Cultural-Ethnic Membership Values | 290 | |
| Different Expectations of Love | 290 | |
| Different Expectations of Autonomy-Connection Issues | 292 | |
| Communication Decoding Issues | 293 | |
| Intercultural-Intimate Relationship Attraction: Facilitating Factors | 296 | |
| Perceived Physical Attractiveness | 296 | |
| Perceived Similarity | 297 | |
| Self-Disclosure | 298 | |
| Ethnic Identity and Self-Concept | 299 | |
| Intercultural-Intimate Conflict: Major Obstacles | 300 | |
| Encountering Prejudice and Racism | 301 | |
| Countering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies | 304 | |
| Raising Secure Bicultural Children | 305 | |
| Raising Bicultural-Biracial Children | 306 | |
| Helping Children to Develop a Secure Identity | 308 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 309 | |
| 12 | What Are the Communication Issues Facing a Global Identity? | 311 |
| The E.net Self: Local Versus Global Outlook | 313 | |
| Local Versus Global Identity | 313 | |
| Defining the Background of E.net'ers | 314 | |
| E.net'ers: Who Are They? | 315 | |
| The E.net Identity: Dialectical Challenges | 317 | |
| Spatial Zone Dialectics | 318 | |
| Temporal Zone Dialectics | 319 | |
| Identity Zone Dialectics | 320 | |
| Global Identities in Action | 321 | |
| The Lens of Television: Identity Imitation | 321 | |
| Rap and Hip-Hop Music: Identity Expression | 324 | |
| Fashion and Gadgets: Identity Construction | 328 | |
| Video: Identity Transformation | 330 | |
| Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints | 331 | |
| 13 | How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators? | 333 |
| Comparing Different Ethical Positions | 335 | |
| Ethical Absolutism Position | 335 | |
| Ethical Relativism Position | 338 | |
| Ethical Universalism Position | 339 | |
| Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position | 339 | |
| Meta-Ethics: Procedures and Guidelines | 340 | |
| Identifying Key Meta-Ethics Concepts | 341 | |
| Meta-Ethical Decisions: Further Guidelines | 345 | |
| An Intercultural Discovery Path Model | 347 | |
| From Ethnocentrism to Ethnorelativism | 349 | |
| Becoming a Dynamic Global Leader | 352 | |
| In Conclusion | 353 | |
| References | 355 | |
| Glossary | 373 | |
| Author Index | 389 | |
| Subject Index | 393 |
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