About the Author xi
Foreword Richard DuFour 1
1 From Status Quo to True Reform 5
Challenges of the 21st Century 7
No Child Left Behind 9
The Dawn of a New Day: High Anxiety 10
School Culture Research 12
Closing the Gap 14
Technical Change Versus Cultural Change 15
2 The Framework of Modern School Culture 17
Schools in the Era of Accountability 17
Who Is to Blame? 17
Student Outcomes 19
Predetermination 21
Perceptual Predetermination 21
Intrinsic Predetermination 23
Institutional Predetermination 25
A War of Paradigms 28
3 The Believers 31
Intrinsic Motivation 32
Connection to the School and Community 34
Flexibility 35
Positive Pressure 37
Willingness to Confront 39
Pedagogical Skill 40
A Unifying Force 41
4 The Tweeners 43
A Loose Connection 43
An Enthusiastic Nature 45
The "Honeymoon Period" and Compliance 47
Why Are Tweeners So Important? 50
Leaving Nothing to Chance 52
5 The Survivors 55
Flight Response 56
Student Bargaining 57
Pedagogical Characteristics 58
Organizational Response 58
Dealing With Stress and Pressure 59
6 The Fundamentalists 61
Opposition to Change 62
The Old Contract Versus the New Contract 63
Belief in the Normal Distribution 67
Skill Levels 69
Warring Paradigms 70
Emotional Versus Rational 70
Formal Versus Informal Culture 72
The Three Ds 74
Defamation 74
Disruption 78
Distraction 80
A Necessary Evolution 81
7 "Drop Your Tools": A Lesson in Change and Our Best Chance at Eliminating Fundamentalism 83
"Drop Your Tools" 85
Implications for Drop Your Tools 86
Level 1 Fundamentalists 86
Level 2 Fundamentalists 89
Level 3 Fundamentalists 92
Level 4Fundamentalists 95
Ending Division 98
8 Implications for Practice 99
A Systematic and Schoolwide Focus on Learning 100
A Collective Focus on Purpose 101
Effect on School Culture 104
Celebrating the Success of All Stakeholders 105
Institutionalized Celebration 106
Impromptu Celebration 107
Celebration and Positive School Culture 108
A System of Support for Tweeners 109
A Multifaceted Approach to Mentoring 111
Removing the Walls of Isolation 112
Intensive Professional Development 113
Effect on School Culture 114
Skillful Leadership and Focus 115
Epilogue: A Significant Impact 117
Appendix: Study Design 121
Sample 121
Data Collection 121
Variables 122
References 125
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