The Wills Eye Manual: Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease by Justis P Ehlers (Editor), Chirag P. Shah (Editor)

Consultants     ix
Contributors     xi
Foreword     xiii
Preface     xv
Preface to the First Edition     xvii
Differential Diagnosis of Ocular Symptoms     1
Differential Diagnosis of Ocular Signs     5
Trauma     12
Chemical Burn     12
Corneal Abrasion     15
Corneal and Conjunctival Foreign Bodies     16
Conjunctival Laceration     18
Traumatic Iritis     19
Hyphema and Microhyphema     19
Iridodialysis/Cyclodialysis     23
Eyelid Laceration     24
Orbital Blow-Out Fracture     28
Traumatic Retrobulbar Hemorrhage     30
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy     34
Intraorbital Foreign Body     36
Corneal Laceration     38
Ruptured Globe and Penetrating Ocular Injury     39
Intraocular Foreign Body     41
Commotio Retinae     42
Traumatic Choroidal Rupture     43
Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria     44
Purtscher Retinopathy     45
Shaken Baby Syndrome/Inflicted Childhood Neurotrauma     47
Cornea     49
Superficial Punctate Keratopathy     49
Recurrent Corneal Erosion     51
Dry-Eye Syndrome     52
Filamentary Keratopathy     54
Exposure Keratopathy     55
Neurotrophic Keratopathy     56
Thermal/Ultraviolet Keratopathy     57
Thygeson Superficial Punctate Keratopathy     58
Pterygium/Pinguecula     59
Band Keratopathy     60
Bacterial Keratitis     62
Fungal Keratitis     66
Acanthamoeba Keratitis     67
Crystalline Keratopathy     69
Herpes Simplex Virus     70
Herpes Zoster Virus/Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus/Varicella Zoster Virus     74
Ocular Vaccinia     77
Interstitial Keratitis     79
Staphylococcal Hypersensitivity     81
Phylctenulosis     82
Contact Lens-Related Problems     83
Contact Lens-Induced Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis     87
Peripheral Corneal Thinning/Ulceration     88
Dellen     90
Keratoconus     91
Corneal Dystrophies     93
Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy     94
Aphakic Bullous Keratopathy/Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy      95
Corneal Graft Rejection     97
Refractive Surgery Complications     98
Conjunctiva/Sclera/Iris/External Disease     102
Acute Conjunctivitis     102
Chronic Conjunctivitis     108
Parinaud Oculoglandular Conjunctivitis     110
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis     111
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage     112
Episcleritis     113
Scleritis     115
Blepharitis/Meibomitis     117
Ocular Rosacea     118
Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid     119
Contact Dermatitis     121
Conjunctival Tumors     122
Malignant Melanoma of the Iris     125
Eyelid     128
Ptosis     128
Chalazion/Hordeolum     130
Ectropion     131
Entropion     132
Trichiasis     133
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome     134
Blepharospasm     135
Canaliculitis     136
Dacryocystitis/Inflammation of the Lacrimal Sac     137
Preseptal Cellulitis     139
Malignant Tumors of the Eyelid     141
Orbit     145
Orbital Disease      145
Inflammatory Orbital Disease     146
Infectious Orbital Disease     150
Orbital Tumors     156
Traumatic Orbital Disease     163
Lacrimal Gland Mass/Chronic Dacryoadenitis     164
Less Common Orbital Diseases     165
Pediatrics     167
Leukocoria     167
Retinopathy of Prematurity     169
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy     172
Esodeviations in Children     173
Exodeviations in Children     175
Strabismus Syndromes     177
Amblyopia     178
Congenital Cataract     179
Ophthalmia Neonatorum (Newborn Conjunctivitis)     181
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction     183
Congenital Glaucoma     184
Developmental Anterior Segment and Lens Anomalies/Dysgenesis     186
Congenital Ptosis     187
The Bilaterally Blind Infant     189
Glaucoma     191
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma     191
Low-Pressure Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (Normal or Average Pressure Glaucoma)     196
Ocular Hypertension     197
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma     198
Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma     201
Angle-Recession Glaucoma     202
Inflammatory Open-Angle Glaucoma     203
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis/Posner-Schlossman Syndrome     204
Steroid-Response Glaucoma     205
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome/Pigmentary Glaucoma     207
Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome/Exfoliative Glaucoma     208
Lens-Induced (Phacogenic) Glaucoma     210
Plateau Iris     213
Neovascular Glaucoma     214
Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome     217
Postoperative Glaucoma     218
Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome/Malignant Glaucoma     220
Postoperative Complications of Glaucoma Surgery     221
Blebitis     224
Neuro-Ophthalmology     226
Anisocoria     226
Horner Syndrome     228
Argyll Robertson Pupils     230
Adie (Tonic) Pupil     230
Isolated Third Nerve Palsy     231
Aberrant Regeneration of the Third Nerve     234
Isolated Fourth Nerve Palsy     235
Isolated Sixth Nerve Palsy     237
Isolated Seventh Nerve Palsy     239
Cavernous Sinus and Associated Syndromes (Multiple Ocular Motor Nerve Palsies)      242
Myasthenia Gravis     245
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia     248
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia     249
Optic Neuritis     250
Papilledema     252
Pseudotumor Cerebri/Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension     254
Arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Giant Cell Arteritis)     256
Nonarteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy     257
Postoperative Ischemic Optic Neuropathy     258
Miscellaneous Optic Neuropathies     259
Nystagmus     261
Transient Visual Loss/Amaurosis Fugax     264
Vertebrobasilar Artery Insufficiency     265
Cortical Blindness     266
Nonphysiologic Visual Loss     267
Headache     269
Migraine     271
Cluster Headache     272
Retina     274
Posterior Vitreous Detachment     274
Retinal Break     275
Retinal Detachment     276
Retinoschisis     279
Cotton-Wool Spot     281
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion     282
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion     284
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion     285
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion      287
Hypertensive Retinopathy     288
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome/Carotid Occlusive Disease     289
Diabetic Retinopathy     290
Vitreous Hemorrhage     296
Cystoid Macular Edema     298
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy     300
Nonexudative (Dry) Age-Related Macular Degeneration     301
Neovascular or Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration     303
Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (Posterior Uveal Bleeding Syndrome)     305
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm     306
Sickle Cell Disease (Including Sickle Cell, Sickle Trait)     308
Valsalva Retinopathy     309
High Myopia     310
Angioid Streaks     312
Ocular Histoplasmosis     313
Macular Hole     315
Epiretinal Membrane (Macular Pucker, Surface-Wrinkling Retinopathy, Cellophane Maculopathy)     316
Choroidal Effusion/Detachment     317
Retinitis Pigmentosa and Inherited Chorioretinal Dystrophies     319
Cone Dystrophies     323
Stargardt Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)     324
Best Disease (Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy)     326
Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity      327
Crystalline Retinopathy     328
Optic Pit     329
Choroidal Nevus and Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid     330
Uveitis     334
Anterior Uveitis (Iritis/Iridocyclitis)     334
Intermediate Uveitis     339
Posterior Uveitis     340
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-B27-Associated Uveitis     343
Toxoplasmosis     344
Sarcoidosis     346
Behcet Disease     348
Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN)     349
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis     352
Noninfectious Retinal Microvasculopathy/HIV Retinopathy     354
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome     354
Syphilis     356
Postoperative Endophthalmitis     358
Chronic Postoperative Uveitis     361
Traumatic Endophthalmitis     362
Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis     363
Candida Retinitis/Uveitis/Endophthalmitis     364
Sympathetic Ophthalmia     366
General Ophthalmic Problems     368
Acquired Cataract     368
Pregnancy     370
Lyme Disease     371
Convergence Insufficiency     372
Accommodative Spasm      373
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Major)     374
Vitamin A Deficiency     375
Albinism     377
Wilson Disease     378
Subluxed or Dislocated Crystalline Lens     379
Hypotony Syndrome     381
Blind, Painful Eye     382
Phakomatoses     384
Imaging Modalities in Ophthalmology     388
Computed Tomography     388
Magnetic Resonance Imaging     389
Magnetic Resonance Angiography     392
Magnetic Resonance Venography     393
Ophthalmic Ultrasonography     393
Intravenous Fluorescein Angiography     395
Indocyanine Green Angiography     396
Nuclear Medicine     397
Plain Films     397
Cerebral Arteriography     398
Photographic Studies     398
Optical Coherence Tomography     399
Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy     399
Confocal Biomicroscopy     400
Dacryocystography     400
Corneal Topography     400
Pharmacopoeia     402
Ophthalmic Drug Classes and Examples     402
Ophthalmic Drug Guide      404
Appendices     414
Dilating Drops     414
Tetanus Prophylaxis     415
Cover/Uncover and Alternate Cover Tests     415
Amsler Grid     416
Seidel Test to Detect a Wound Leak     417
Forced-Duction Test and Active Force Generation Test     417
Technique for Diagnostic Probing and Irrigation of the Lacrimal System     419
Corneal Culture Procedure     419
Fortified Topical Antibiotics/Antifungals     421
Technique for Subtenon and Subconjunctival Injections     422
Intravitreal Tap and Inject     423
Intravitreal Antibiotics     423
Anterior Chamber Paracentesis     424
Angle Classification     424
YAG Laser Peripheral Iridotomy     427
YAG Capsulotomy     428
Ophthalmic Acronyms and Abbreviations     430
Index     435