Acknowledgments
About the Authors.
About the Contributors.
Introduction: A Roadmap of the New World of Structured Credit.
How Structured Credit Completes Markets.
Enabling Technology.
Improved Liquidity, Transparency, and Customizability.
Growth of Structured Credit Markets.
Asset Classes.
Products.
Participants.
Core Uses of Structured Credit.
Nonrecourse Leverage.
Diversification 8.
Customization of Risk Profiles.
Separating Legal from Beneficial Ownership.
Separating Funding from Risk Transfer.
Isolating and Hedging Risk.
Representative Examples of Structured Credit Solutions.
Who Should Read This Book?.
How This Book Is Organized.
PART ONE. INDEX AND SINGLE-NAME PRODUCTS.
Chapter 1. A Primer on Credit Default Swaps (Arvind Rajan).
The Market for Credit Default Swaps.
Transaction Terminology and Mechanics.
Prerequisites for Credit Derivatives Transactions.
What Happens in Case of a Credit Event?
Unwinding Default Swap Transactions.
The DV01 of a Credit Default Swap.
The Default-Cash Basis.
Some Uses of Default Swaps.
Buying a Note versus Selling Default Protection.
Freeing Up or Using Bank Credit Lines.
Filling a Maturity Gap.
Expressing Curve or Forward-Rate Views.
Barbell-Bullet Trade.
Taking Advantage of Tight Repo Levels without Financing.
Case Study: Relative Value—Cashing In on the Curve Steepness in Telecoms.
How to Blend CDs and Cash in Long-Maturity-Curve Trades.
Implementing Credit CurveFlatteners—Two Basic Approaches.
Appendix: Equivalence of a Bond Spread and Default Swap Premium.
Specialness of the Underlying.
Effect of Accrued Default Swap Premium.
Accrued Interest on the Underlying Risky Security.
Accrued Interest on the Underlying Risk-Free Security.
Chapter 2. Credit Default Swaptions (Arvind Rajan and Terry Benzschawel).
Payer Options.
Example—When to Buy a Payer.
Example—When to Sell a Payer.
Receiver Options.
Example—When to Buy a Receiver.
Effect of DV01 on Credit Swaption Payoffs.
Example—When to Sell a Receiver.
Credit Swaption Payoffs in Default.
Credit Swaption Implied Volatility.
Conclusion.
Case Study: Are Tight Spreads Giving You Butterflies?
Introduction.
Float Like a Butterfly, Sting Like a Bee.
Butterfly versus Payer.
Variations.
Details of Butterfly Construction.
Conclusion.
Chapter 3. Constant Maturity Credit Default Swaps (Olivier Renault and Ratul Roy).
Basics of CMCDSs.
Participation Rate.
Behavior of CMCDSs.
Impact of Spread Level.
Impact of Spread Volatility.
Capped CMCDS.
Hedging CMCDSs.
Trading Strategies with CMCDSs.
Selling CMCDS Protection.
Buying CMCDS Protection.
Combination Trades and Index CMCDSs.
Conclusion.
Case Study: Taking Curve Views with CMCDSs.
Features of CMCDSs.
Trade Ideas.
Appendix: Computing the Participation Rate.
Chapter 4. Credit Derivatives Indexes (Jure Skarabot and Gaurav Bansal).
Introduction.
Family of Credit Derivatives Indexes.
Structure of the CDX/iTraxx Index Family.
Administration of Indexes.
Basket of Credit Default Swaps.
Trading Example—The Index.
Up-Front and Running Payments.
Trading Example—Premium Payments.
What Happens in Case of a Credit Event?
Trading Example—Credit Event.
Settlement Process after Credit Event.
Physical Settlement (Indexes and Tranche Products).
Cash Settlement (Tranche Product Only).
Recent Defaults in CDX Indexes.
Index versus Intrinsics.
Investment Strategies with Credit Derivatives Indexes.
Investors.
Index-Related Structured Credit Products.
Issues and Concerns.
Conclusion.
Case Study: DJ CDX HY and DJ CDX EM—Conversion of Price Level into a Spread Level.
Case Study: Using iTraxx to Replicate Bond Portfolios.
Motivation.
Typical Portfolio Risks.
Replicating Interest Rate Risks.
Using iTraxx to Replicate Broad Credit Market Risk.
Adjusting for Single-Name Risk through Default Swaps.
Performance.
Conclusion.
Appendix: Description of the Roll Process.
Risky PV01 of a CDS Contract.
Calculation of Intrinsic Spread of the Index.
Risky PV01 of an Index.
Mark-to-Market Estimation of an Index Position.
Chapter 5. The Added Dimensions of Credit—A Guide to Relative Value Trading (Matt King and Michael Sandigursky).
Overview of Curve Trades.
Learning Curves.
Drivers of Curve Steepness.
Putting on a Curve Trade.
Cross-Currency Trades.
Cross-Currency Opportunities in Bonds.
Cross-Currency Trades in CDSs.
Basis Trades.
Back to Basis.
Drivers of Basis.
Why CDSs and Bonds Are Two Sides of the Same Coin.
Trading the Basis.
A New Spread Measure: C-Spread.
Debt-Equity Trades.
Meet the Models.
The Debt-Equity Cycle.
A Practical Hurdle or Two.
Debt-Equity Trading in Practice—Arbitrage or Mirage?
Deciding What to Trade.
A Recovery Trade.
iTraxx Credit Indexes.
Truly Global.
You’ve Got to Roll with It.
iTraxx Intrinsics.
What Happens When a Name Defaults?
Equiweighted or Not.
Second-Generation Products: iTraxx Tranches.
Credit Options.
It’s a Knockout.
Effect of Convexity on Credit Option Payoffs.
Delta-Exchange.
Why Sell an Option (Riskier Strategy) Rather Than Buy One?
Option Strategies.
PART TWO. PORTFOLIO CREDIT DERIVATIVES.
Chapter 6. Single-Tranche CDOs (Jure Skarabot, Ratul Roy, and Ji-Hoon Ryu).
Overview of Single-Tranche CDOs.
Advantages of Single-Tranche CDOs.
Key Features of Single-Tranche CDO Transaction.
Description of the Product and Basic Structure.
Main Decision Steps for Investors.
Key Issues in Modeling and Valuation.
Single-Tranche CDO Risk Measures and Hedging.
Substitution of Credits.
Single-Tranche CDO Market.
Investment Strategies.
Case Study: Dispersion Trades and Tranches.
Traditional Bull-Bear Trade.
Not Just Another Bull-Bear Tranche Trade.
Who’s Afraid of Blowups?
Buy Protection on 10-Year 3 to 7 Percent CDX IG Tranche, Sell Protection on 5-Year 10 to 15 Percent CDX IG Tranche.
Effect of Blowups in CDX IG on the Dispersion Trade.
Trade Sensitivity Analysis.
How to Choose the Most Efficient Tranches.
Conclusions.
Case Study: Attractions of Hedged Mezzanines.
Motivation.
The Trade.
Comparing Delta-Hedged Equity and Mezzanines.
Time-Decay Profile.
Conclusion.
Chapter 7. Trading Credit Tranches: Taking Default Correlation out of the Black Box (Ratul Roy).
The Credit Tranche Market.
Importance of Default Correlation in Tranches.
Problems with Traditional Correlation Measure.
Skew in Default Correlation.
Further Flaws in Tranche Correlation.
Correlation Skew Is Like a Volatility Surface.
Skew Is Market’s Risk Preference.
Investor Risk Appetite May Scale Across Markets.
Greeks: Managing Correlation and Delta Risk.
In Summary: Why Skew Is a Better Model.
Trading Opportunities for Investors.
Tranche Correlation Can Still Provide Insight.
Pricing Off-Market Tranches.
Conclusion and Future Agenda.
Case Study: Curve Trades in Tranche Markets.
Curve Trades, Tranche Markets, and Technicals.
Trade Recommendation.
Market Drivers for the Tranche Curve Trades.
Base Correlation Analysis and Market Technicals.
Technicals Driving the Flattening of Tranche Curves.
Analysis of Investment Strategy.
Chapter 8. Understanding CDO-Squareds (Ratul Roy and Matt King).
CDOs versus CDO2.
Value of CDO2s Derives Broadly from Inner CDOs.
CDO2 versus Inner CDO.
Like Mezzanine, but with Tails.
CDO2 versus Master CDO.
Economic Value versus Rating Quality.
Uses of CDO2: Long, Short, and Correlation!
Structures: Good, Bad, and Ugly.
Inner CDO Tranche Seniority and Thinness.
Overlap of Credits.
Nonuniformity of Portfolios.
Fungible and Tradable Subordination.
How Managers Can Add Value.
Not Just Credit Selection.
Manage to the Structure.
Conclusion.
Case Study: Term Sheet.
Chapter 9. CPPI: Leveraging and Deleveraging Credit (Olivier Renault).
Product Mechanics.
Managed CPPIs.
When Is CPPI Suitable?
Choice of Trading Strategies.
Case Study: Performance Comparison of Strategies.
Baseline: Unlevered Strategies.
Simulations.
Results.
Performance Comparison in CPPI Setup.
Other Strategies.
Appendix: Our Methodology.
Our Estimations and Simulations.
PART THREE. COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS.
Chapter 10. Collateralized Loan Obligations (Glen McDermott, William E. Deitrick, Alexei Kroujiline, and Robert Mandery).
Leveraged Loan Market Overview.
Strong Primary Market Growth.
Broadening Investor Base.
Increasing Secondary Market Liquidity.
Continuing Challenges to Loan Market Liquidity.
Key Loan Characteristics.
Loan Structures.
Revolving Credit Facilities.
Amortizing Term Loans.
Institutional Term Loans.
Pro Rata Loans.
Overview.
Key Characteristics.
Investment Opportunities.
Middle-Market Loans.
Overview.
Key Characteristics.
Investment Opportunities.
European Leveraged Loans.
Overview.
European Mezzanine Bank Loans.
Key Characteristics.
Investment Opportunities.
Collateralized Loan Obligations.
Efficient Access to Loan Market Investment Opportunities—Introducing CLOs.
Basic CLO Structure.
CLO Asset Manager.
CLO Market Today.
Key Drivers of CLO Outperformance.
Conclusion.
Middle-Market CLO Handbook.
Middle-Market Size and Definition.
Growing Investor Demand.
Dominance of Institutional Term-Loan Debt.
Second-Lien Loans Emerge.
Investment Considerations for Middle-Market Investors.
Legal Considerations.
Middle-Market CLOs.
CLO Investment Considerations.
Conclusion.
Appendix A: Middle-Market Loan Characteristics.
Floating-Rate Coupon.
Maturity.
Callability.
Covenants.
Structure of a Middle-Market Loan.
Appendix B: The Basic CLO Structure.
Case Study: CDO Combination Securities—Tailoring Risk/Return Profiles.
Introduction.
Equally Rated CDO Combination Securities Are Not Equal.
Value in Baa3-Rated CLO Combination Securities.
Conclusion.
Chapter 11. ABS CDOs (Ratul Roy and Glen McDermott).
Overview of the Structured Finance Market.
Basic Structure.
Roles of Multiple Parties in a Securitization.
ABS Market Fundamentals.
Major Characteristics of Structured Finance Securities.
Relative Value.
Structural Protection.
Collateral Stability.
Challenges.
CDOs of Structured Finance Securities.
Investor Motivation.
A Customized Investment.
Relative Value.
Major Considerations in CDO Investing.
Leveraging Stability—Performance of SF CDOs.
CDOs of SFSs Take Many Forms.
Conclusion.
Case Study: Relative Value in High-Grade Structured Finance CDOs.
Transaction Overview.
High-Grade SF Securities: A Strong Track Record.
Cash Flow Analysis.
Conclusion.
Case Study: Untangling Mezzanine and High-Grade Structured Finance CDOs.
Collateral Composition.
Collateral Risk.
Expected Loss.
Correlation Views.
Other Differences.
Conclusion.
Appendix: Rating Transition Matrices of Common Structured Finance Collateral.
Chapter 12. CDO Equity (Glen McDermott and Alexei Kroujiline).
Cash Flow CDO Income Notes.
Return Analysis.
Defaults.
Recoveries.
Interest Rate Risk.
Collateral Manager.
Collateral Manager Review.
Asset Selection.
CDO Investment Guidelines.
CDO Manager Types.
Investment and Trading Philosophy.
Asset Characteristics.
Collateral Mix.
Time Stamp or Cohort.
Diversification.
Structure.
Trigger Levels.
Senior Costs, Swaps, and Caps.
Manager Fees and Equity Ownership.
Credit-Improved Sales—Treatment of Premium.
Conclusion.
Case Study: Diversifying Credit Risk Using a CDO Equity Fund.
Introduction.
Modeling Assumptions and Analytical Techniques.
Results.
Conclusion.
Chapter 13. Commercial Real Estate CDOs (Darrell Wheeler and Ratul Roy).
CRE CDOs by the Numbers.
Slow Start, but Growth Now Strong .
Relative Value: Spread Pickup Often Gives CRE CDOs an Edge.
CRE CDO Performance Has Been Strong.
Collateral Mix: Diverse and Evolving.
Building Blocks of a CRE CDO.
B-Notes and Rake Bonds.
Second Lien Loans.
Mezzanine Loans.
Preferred Equity.
Whole Loans.
CMBS First Loss Positions or B-Pieces.
CRE CDO Managers and Sponsors.
Who’s Who.
What to Look for in a CRE CDO Manager.
CRE CDO Investors: A Diverse Group.
Key Events in the CRE CDO Market.
A Market Is Born.
The Rise of CRE CDOs as a Source of Financing.
The Push for Flexibility.
The Current State of the CRE CDO Market.
Investor Analysis of CRE CDOs.
CRE CDO Analysis for Traditional CDO Investors.
CRE CDO Analysis for Traditional Real Estate Investors.
Additional Suggested Collateral Analysis.
Analysis of CMBS Certificates.
Analysis of Uncertificated Securities.
Appendix: List of CRE CDOs.
Glossary.
Term Sheet.
Notes.
Index.