Preface xiii
About the Author xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Part I Green IT and the Green Gap-Real or Virtual? 1
Chapter 1 IT Data Center Economic and Ecological Sustainment 3
1.1 The Many Faces of Green-Environmental and Economic 3
1.2 The Growing Green Gap: Misdirected Messaging, Opportunities for Action 5
1.3 IT Data Center "Green" Myths and Realties 7
1.4 PCFE Trends, Issues, Drivers, and Related Factors 10
1.5 Closing the Green Gap for IT Data Centers 15
1.5.1 Energy Consumption and Emissions: Green Spotlight Focus 20
1.5.2 EHS and Recycling: The Other Green Focus 21
1.5.3 Establishing a Green PCFE Strategy 22
1.6 Summary 27
Chapter 2 Energy-Efficient and Ecologically Friendly Data Centers 29
2.1 Electric Power and Cooling Challenges 30
2.2 Electrical Power-Supply and Demand Distribution 33
2.3 Determining Your Energy Usage 37
2.4 From Energy Avoidance to Efficiency 39
2.5 Energy Efficiency Incentives, Rebates, and Alternative Energy Sources 41
2.6 PCFE and Environmental Health and Safety Standards 45
2.7 Summary 45
Part II Next-Generation Virtual Data centers 47
Chapter 3 What Defines a Next-Generation and Virtual Data Center? 49
3.1 Why Virtualize a Data Center? 50
3.2 Virtualization Beyond Consolidation-Enabling Transparency 54
3.3 Components of a Virtual Data Center 56
3.3.1 Infrastructure Resource Management Software Tools 59
3.3.2 Measurements and Management Insight 59
3.3.3 Facilities and Habitats for Technology 60
3.3.4 Tiered Servers and Software 61
3.3.5 Tiered Storage and Storage Management 62
3.3.6 Tiered Networks and I/O Virtualization 62
3.3.7 Virtual Offices, Desktops, and Workstations 63
3.4Summary 63
Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure Resource Management 65
4.1 Common IRM Activities 67
4.2 Data Security (Logical and Physical) 69
4.3 Data Protection and Availability for Virtual Environments 70
4.3.1 Time to Re-Architect and Upgrade Data Protection 71
4.3.2 Technologies and Techniques-Virtual Server Data Protection Options 74
4.3.3 Virtual Machine Movement and Migration 75
4.3.4 High Availability 76
4.3.5 Snapshots 77
4.3.6 Agent-Based and Agent-Less Data Protection 78
4.3.7 Proxy-Based Backup 79
4.3.8 Local and Remote Data Replication 81
4.3.9 Archiving and Data Preservation 82
4.3.10 Complete Data Protection 83
4.4 Data Protection Management and Event Correlation 84
4.5 Server, Storage, and Network Resource Management 86
4.5.1 Search and eDiscovery 87
4.5.2 Rescuing Stranded or Orphaned Resources 88
4.5.3 Capacity, Availability, and Performance Planning 89
4.5.4 Energy Efficiency and PCFE Management Software 91
4.6 Summary 92
Chapter 5 Measurement, Metrics, and Management of IT Resources 93
5.1 Data Center-Related Metrics 96
5.2 Different Metrics for Different Audiences 100
5.3 Measuring Performance and Active Resource Usage 107
5.4 Measuring Capacity and Idle Resource Usage 113
5.5 Measuring Availability, Reliability, and Serviceability 115
5.6 Applying Various Metrics and Measurements 116
5.7 Sources for Metrics, Benchmarks, and Simulation Tools 117
5.8 Summary 118
Part III Technologies for Enabling Green and Virtual Data Centers 121
Chapter 6 Highly Effective Data Center Facilities and Habitats for Technology 123
6.1 Data Center Challenges and Issues 124
6.2 What Makes up a Data Center 129
6.2.1 Tiered Data Centers 130
6.3 Data Center Electrical Power and Energy Management 132
6.3.1 Secondary and Standby Power 134
6.3.2 Alternative Energy Options and DC Power 136
6.4 Cooling, HVAC, Smoke and Fire Suppression 138
6.4.1 Cooling and HVAC 138
6.4.2 Physical Security 143
6.4.3 Smoke and Fire Detection and Suppression 144
6.4.4 Cabinets and Equipment Racks 149
6.4.5 Environmental Health and Safety Management 150
6.5 Data Center Location 151
6.6 Virtual Data Centers Today and Tomorrow 152
6.7 Cloud Computing, Out-Sourced, and Managed Services 155
6.8 Data Center Tips and Actions 158
6.9 Summary 160
Chapter 7 Servers-Physical, Virtual, and Software 163
7.1 Server Issues and Challenges 164
7.2 Fundamentals of Physical Servers 172
7.2.1 Central Processing Units 175
7.2.2 Memory 178
7.2.3 I/O Connectivity for Attaching Peripheral Devices 181
7.2.4 Cabinets, Racks, and Power Supplies 182
7.2.5 Measuring and Comparing Server Performance 183
7.3 Types, Categories, and Tiers Of Servers 183
7.3.1 Blade Servers and Blade Centers 184
7.3.2 Virtual Servers 187
7.4 Clusters and Grids 200
7.5 Summary 201
Chapter 8 Data Storage-Disk, Tape, Optical, and Memory 205
8.1 Data Storage Trends, Challenges, and Issues 206
8.2 Addressing PCFE Storage Issues 209
8.3 Data Life Cycle and Access Patterns 210
8.4 Tiered Storage-Balancing Application Service with PCFE Requirements 212
8.4.1 Tiered Storage System Architectures 213
8.4.2 Tiered Storage Media or Devices 218
8.4.3 Intelligent Power Management and MAID 2.0 224
8.4.4 Balancing PACE to Address PCFE Issues with Tiered Storage 226
8.5 Data and Storage Security 228
8.6 Data Footprint Reduction-Techniques and Best Practices 229
8.6.1 Archiving for Compliance and General Data Retention 230
8.6.2 Data Compression (Real-Time and Offline) 231
8.6.3 De-duplication 232
8.6.4 Hybrid Data Footprint Reduction-Compression and De-duplication 234
8.7 Countering Underutilized Storage Capacity 234
8.7.1 Thin Provision, Space-Saving Clones 236
8.7.2 How RAID Affect PCFE and PACE 236
8.8 Storage Virtualization-Aggregate, Emulate, Migrate 240
8.8.1 Volume Managers and Global Name Spaces 240
8.8.2 Virtualization and Storage Services 241
8.9 Comparing Storage Energy Efficiency and Effectiveness 244
8.10 Benchmarking 246
8.11 Summary 247
Chapter 9 Networking with Your Servers and Storage 249
9.1 I/O and Networking Demands And Challenges 250
9.2 Fundamentals and Components 253
9.3 Tiered Access for Servers and Storage-Local and Remote 255
9.3.1 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) 256
9.3.2 Local Area Networking, Storage, and Peripheral I/O 258
9.3.3 Ethernet 260
9.3.4 Fibre Channel: 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC, 8GFC, 16GFC 262
9.3.5 Fibre over Ethernet (FCoE) 262
9.3.6 InfiniBand (IBA) 264
9.3.7 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 265
9.3.8 Serial ATA (SATA) 267
9.3.9 TCP/IP 268
9.4 Abstracting Distance for Virtual Data Centers 269
9.4.1 Metropolitan and Wide Area Networks 269
9.4.2 Wide Area File Service (WAFS) and Wide Area Application Service (WAAS) 274
9.5 Virtual I/O and I/O Virtualization 275
9.5.1 N-Port-ID Virtualization 277
9.5.2 Blade Center and Server Virtual Convexity Features 279
9.5.3 Converged Networks 280
9.5.4 PCI-SIG IOV 282
9.5.5 Convergence Enhanced Ethernet and FCOE 284
9.5.6 InfiniBand IOV 286
9.6 Virtualization and Management Tool Topics 287
9.6.1 Networking Options for Virtual Environments 288
9.6.2 Oversubscription: Not Just for Networks 289
9.6.3 Security 290
9.6.4 Cabling and Cable Management 291
9.7 Summary 293
Part IV Applying What You Have Learned 295
Chapter 10 Putting Together a Green and Virtual Data Center 297
10.1 Implementing a Green and Virtual Data Center 297
10.2 PCFE and Green Areas of Opportunity 300
10.2.1 Obtain and Leverage Incentives and Rebates 301
10.2.2 Best Practices and IRM 301
10.2.3 Implement Metrics, Measurements 308
10.2.4 Mask-or-Move Issues 309
10.2.5 Consolidation 311
10.2.6 Reduced Data Footprint 312
10.2.7 Tiered Servers, Storage, and I/O Network Access 316
10.2.8 Energy Avoidance-Tactical 318
10.2.9 Energy Efficiency-Strategic 319
10.2.10 Facilities Review and Enhancements 320
10.2.11 Environmental Health and Safety; E-Waste; Recycle, Reuse, Reduce 320
10.3 Summary 321
Chapter 11 Wrap-up and Closing Comments 323
11.1 Where We Have Been 323
11.2 Where We Are Going-Emerging Technologies and Trends 324
11.3 How We Can Get There-Best Practices and Tips 328
11.4 Chapter and Book Summary 329
Appendix A Where to Learn More 333
Appendix B Checklists and Tips 337
B.1 Facilities, Power, Cooling, Floor Space and Environmental Health and Safety 337
B.2 Variable Energy Use for Servers 337
B.3 Variable Energy Use for Storage 338
B.4 Data Footprint Impact Reducation 339
B.5 Security and Data Protection 340
B.6 How Will Virtualization Fit into Your Existing Environment? 341
B.7 Desktop, Remote Office/Branch Office (ROBO), Small/Medium Business (SMB), and Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) Users 341
B.8 Questions to Ask Vendors or Solution Providers 342
B.9 General Checklist and Tip Items 343
Glossary 345
Index 367
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