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This is the story of two boys, Dylan Ebdus and Mingus Rude. They are friends and neighbors, but because Dylan is white and Mingus is black, their friendship is not simple. This is the story of their Brooklyn neighborhood, which is almost exclusively black despite the first whispers of something that will become known as "gentrification."
This is the story of 1970s America, a time when the most simple human decisionswhat music you listen to, whether to speak to the kid in the seat next to you, whether to give up your lunch moneyare laden with potential political, social and racial disaster. This is the story of 1990s America, when no one cared anymore.
This is the story of punk, that easy white rebellion, and crack, that monstrous plague. This is the story of the loneliness of the avant-garde artist and the exuberance of the graffiti artist.
This is the story of what would happen if two teenaged boys obsessed with comic book heroes actually had superpowers: They would screw up their lives.
This is the story of joyous afternoons of stickball and dreaded years of schoolyard extortion. This is the story of belonging to a society that doesn't accept you. This is the story of prison and of college, of Brooklyn and Berkeley, of soul and rap, of murder and redemption.
This is the story Jonathan Lethem was born to tell. This is The Fortress of Solitude.
The Fortress of Solitude is crowded beyond my powers of summary with lessons, insights, facts, dates, song titles and minor characters. But I much prefer its mess and sprawl to the tightly wound intellectual parlor tricks of earlier Lethem novels like As She Climbed Across the Table and Girl in Landscape. The fictional (Barrett Rude, Abraham Ebdus) is squeezed in alongside the actual (Marvin Gaye, Stan Brakhage), and the naturalistic geography of a borough Lethem knows like the back of his hand is illuminated by a daub of magic realism, when Dylan and Mingus come into possession of a ring that gives them super powers. A.O.Scott
More Reviews and RecommendationsJonathan Lethem has a talent for bending literary genres. He has been entertaining readers since 1994's Gun, with Occasional Music, a debut novel that contained all the ingredients of his future career as a writer: science fiction, pulp detective noir, westerns, and award-winning coming-of-age stories.
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September 24, 2006: Great book, very rich in details. It really does send one back into their childhood! The only thing I didn't like too much about this book was the excessive mention of drug use.
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August 17, 2006: This book was okay, but not excellent. This plot has all the right ingredients for an amazing book, but i felt like there was something missing. i really enjoyed how the author described the setting and actions of the characters in the first part of the book. But i didn't really like how in the third section of this novel the author switches from the 3rd person view to a 1st person view. By doing this, I didn't really feel a connection to the character like i think i should have. Also, (and this is just my opinion) i think that there was to much drugs in this story. I understand that some drug use had to be put in there to emphasize the surroundings and stuff but i felt that there was an overload of drug use. But i guess over all this novel was ok.
Name:
Jonathan Lethem
Also Known As:
Jonathan Allan Lethem (full name)
Current Home:
New York, New York
Place of Birth:
New York, New York
Education:
Left Bennington College after two years
Awards:
World Fantasy Award for Best Collection for The Wall of the Sky, the Wall of the Eye. Esquire Magazine’s Novel of the Year, the Salon Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award for Motherless Brooklyn
The son of artists and activists, Jonathan Lethem has always been surrounded by art and archetypes. His father, avant-garde painter Richard Brown Lethem, ensured that the household was always bustling with fellow artists, live nude models, and a creative spirit. Despite the nurturing, artistic setting, Lethem's teen years were demanding -- his mother died of cancer when he was 14, and the streets of his Brooklyn neighborhood forced him to toughen up at a young age.
Lethem's Brooklyn is rich with history and stories. Much of the world knows Brooklyn through the movies and television -- as an urban maze just outside the glitter of Manhattan. But Lethem's novels deliver a more emotional and brutal reality of the streets he called home (and still does). The Brooklyn culture of his childhood became the sidewalk on which he built his critically acclaimed Motherless Brooklyn, which won a National Book Critics Circle Award.
Lethem attended the High School for Music and Art in NYC, where he studied painting but began to hone his love of literature. An insatiable reader, he read the classic and the contemporary, including Kerouac, Mailer, Vonnegut, Chandler, Dostoevsky, Orwell, and Kafka. While still in high school, he finished a 125-page novel called Heroes. It was never published but is rumored to be the earliest form of what became The Fortress of Solitude.
After high school, Lethem attended Bennington College in Vermont but dropped out after the first semester to work on his writing. He returned to Bennington briefly, but eventually made the move to California, hitchhiking his way across the country to arrive in Berkeley in 1984. This experience, and the years he spent in San Francisco, provided the inspiration for his first three novels, Amnesia Moon(1995), As She Climbed Across the Table (1997), and Girl in Landscape (1998).
In late 1996, Lethem moved back to Brooklyn and began writing the book that would put him on the lips of every publisher and reader in the country. When Motherless Brooklyn was released in 1999, readers fell in love with its fascinating lead characters, relentless plot, and detailed setting. It was an instant success and won many awards, including the National Book Critics Circle Award.
Lethem's long-awaited next novel, The Fortress of Solitude, hit the shelves four years later, in 2003. He conducted a lot of research for the book, gaining yet another perspective on his beloved hometown. The novel is again set in Brooklyn, on Dean Street, where Lethem grew up. Over three decades, the two lead characters -- Dylan and Mingus -- experience the world through the prisms of race relations, music, and pop culture in a disturbing and compelling story of loyalty and loss, vulnerability and superhero powers.
Outside of novels, Lethem has published short fiction and lent his editing talents to a number of projects. Odd and shocking, This Shape We're In (an extended short story) is about an unforgettable trip to the hospital. The Wall of the Sky, the Wall of the Eye is a collection of seven short stories about everything from clones to professional basketball. Lethem and coauthor Carter Scholz have fun with the master of the bizarre in Kafka Americana: Fiction, a book of short stories with Kafka as the main character navigating absurd situations. Lethem edited The Vintage Book of Amnesia, short stories about the art of forgetting by such authors as Philip K. Dick, Martin Amis, and Shirley Jackson. He was guest editor of The Year's Best Music Writing 2002, essays by writers on music.
Lethem's original artistic impulse was to be a painter. While he remains a talented graphic artist, he first acknowledged his deep desire to write while at Bennington, where fellow classmates included Bret Easton Ellis and Donna Tartt.
Before he was a published writer, Lethem's only other jobs were in bookstores. His first bookstore job was at age 13, and he supported himself this way up to 1994 when his first novel was published. In San Francisco, he worked at the well-known Moe's Books, home of rare and antique tomes.
In February 2007, a few weeks before publication, Jonathan Lethem sat down to answer a few of our questions about his new novel You Don't Love Me Yet with our specially selected interviewer -- Lucinda Hoekke, the book's main character.
Lucinda Hoekke: Surprised to see me here?
Jonathan Lethem: (laughs) Yes, I'd say so.
Hoekke: This is our first chance to discuss what you've done in the book, the way you've represented certain facts about my life. I hope you don't mind going on the record.
Lethem: (laughs) No, that's fine, fine. Are you, er, working as a journalist these days?
Hoekke: Actually, I'm playing bass again, in a band called Biscuits In The Glare. And working on a memoir. This Barnes & Noble gig is just a one-time thing. But I'm the one who should be asking the questions.
Lethem: (laughs) Fire away.
Hoekke: What makes you feel qualified to write about the lives of musicians? You have a tin ear. I remember once at Falmouth's birthday party when the cake came out you just mouthed the words to "Happy Birthday" while everybody else sang.
Lethem: (laughs) I suppose... in a way... that's not really fair, but -- I guess the truth is I think that my love of music is what qualifies me. I mean, pop music is all about yearning. About wanting to be something other than you are. In a way, a fan knows more about pop than a musician does. And that's what a writer does: he wishes or dreams himself into lives he could never lead himself. He explores wishfulness. Besides, if you'll pardon my saying so, Monster Eyes was never really that, uh, professional a band. Not really all that polished. You were sort of fans yourselves -- dreamers, I mean. Wishful thinkers, wanna-bes. So, maybe it's not that bad that a wanna-be like me wrote your story.
Hoekke: Sure, right. I'm supposed to be flattered that you called me a ‘wanna-be' because, in your tautological thinking, a wanna-be is the same thing as a humble genius like you. I still say you can't sing.
Lethem: (laughs) Is that a question? You're right, I can't.
Hoekke: No, this is a question: I know you've said you like to listen to music while you write. Did you listen to our band while you wrote? Or something else?
Lethem: (laughs) I only have a couple of your songs on an old cassette. Not that they aren't great. While I was writing I mostly listened to the kind of music that's now called ‘indie pop', or ‘college' rock... I don't know what it was called then. The kind of bands that seem like they should have top ten hits but they never even seem to get played on the radio -- the dBs, The Feelies, Big Star... and also a lot of the even less-well-known bands I was fond of briefly during the period the book takes place (there's a big clue, if you're still wondering when it's set): Big Dipper, Christmas, Glass Eye... bands that sort of never quite had their moment, or if they did, it was brief, and I wasn't there for it – so instead I discovered them in a kind of vacuum -- it was like they belonged to me alone. I wanted to write about a band that barely existed, in a way.
Hoekke: You are the Lorax, you speak for the bands, is that it?
Lethem: (laughs) I guess I have a fondness for lost causes. No offense.
Hoekke: Let's change the subject. Is Hugo's restaurant really a mile from the 101? I don't think it is.
Lethem: (laughs) What? Sorry?
Hoekke: I'm wondering about your poor understanding of Los Angeles geography and commercial. Hugo's restaurant, smart guy. It's off the 405, not the 101, where you have it in the book.
Lethem: (laughs) Oh, I think I meant the other Hugo's -- the one in the Valley.
Hoekke: Have you ever even been to Los Angeles? Nobody would ever say Hugo's and mean the one in the valley.
Lethem: (laughs) Listen, let me try to tell you what I had in mind with Los Angeles... after all that material about Brooklyn I was beginning to feel like some kind of bogus expert, always claiming this deep ‘provenance' in everything I wrote... it seemed like a good idea to put myself out on a limb, to write about a place I was merely curious about – even confused by. Los Angeles is very mysterious to me.
Hoekke: Yes, I can see that. It will remain so to your readers. So, setting the book there was another opportunity to claim your status as a ‘wanna-be', is that what you're saying? Another piece of exalted fakery – excuse me, of course I meant to say ‘yearning'.
Lethem: (laughs) Sure, I guess that's right. I mean, look, this book isn't a historical novel or a sociological study. The characters -- you guys, I mean -- are the kind of twenty-somethings who just sort of float. You never read the newspapers, you're not exactly debating the gentrification of Silver Lake or Echo Park. You're just sort of living there – plopped down there, just like an author could plop characters like you down anywhere. If I'd wanted to flout my Brooklyn credentials I could have set the book in, say, Greenpoint.
Hoekke: So now we're so blurry and indistinct we could have been anywhere?
Lethem: (laughs) I didn't say that --
Hoekke: Next question. Speaking of historical novels, when is the book actually set? Because it doesn't seem to say anywhere.
Lethem: (laughs) I'd rather not come out and say it... There are internal clues....
Hoekke: Now you're avoiding a really easy question!
Lethem: (laughs) I just... this interview is so hostile, Lucinda. I think... maybe we should stop now....
Hoekke: I've got a few more questions. You wouldn't want to disappoint Barnes & Noble, would you?
Lethem: (laughs) I just -- listen, I'll continue on one condition.
Hoekke: What's that?
Lethem: (laughs) I want you to put the word "laughs" in parenthesis before every one of my replies. Because I've noticed that anytime you read an interview where the subject (laughs) a lot, it never comes off as defensive, no matter what they say.
Hoekke: It's a deal. So, why are you so defensive about this book?
Lethem: (laughs) I'm not defensive! I'm proud of the book! I even let my publisher put my photograph on the front jacket!
Hoekke: Oh, yeah, that was one of my questions: what's that about? Are you trying to pretend you were in our band? Is that even your guitar? How many chords do you know? Are you wearing your pajamas?
Lethem: (laughs) Stop, okay? Just stop. The whole point of the photograph is to admit that I'm not superior to anything or anyone... that I once picked up a guitar and learned to play G, C and D and tried to melt a camera's lens with my youthful gaze... but I'm obviously not going to convince you of anything.
Hoekke: We would never have let you into our band looking that way, I'm convinced of that
. Lethem: (laughs) (long pause)
Hoekke: You really don't know what to say.
Lethem: (laughs) Is there, uh, anything else you want to ask about?
Hoekke: Last question: This makes two novels in a row. Will you promise not to write about me anymore?
Lethem: (laughs) What do you mean, two novels in a row?
Hoekke: I'm in The Fortress of Solitude too, remember? Me and Dylan Ebdus got mugged on a bus in Berkeley.
Lethem: (laughs) Okay, I promise.
This is the story of two boys, Dylan Ebdus and Mingus Rude. They are friends and neighbors, but because Dylan is white and Mingus is black, their friendship is not simple. This is the story of their Brooklyn neighborhood, which is almost exclusively black despite the first whispers of something that will become known as "gentrification."
This is the story of 1970s America, a time when the most simple human decisionswhat music you listen to, whether to speak to the kid in the seat next to you, whether to give up your lunch moneyare laden with potential political, social and racial disaster. This is the story of 1990s America, when no one cared anymore.
This is the story of punk, that easy white rebellion, and crack, that monstrous plague. This is the story of the loneliness of the avant-garde artist and the exuberance of the graffiti artist.
This is the story of what would happen if two teenaged boys obsessed with comic book heroes actually had superpowers: They would screw up their lives.
This is the story of joyous afternoons of stickball and dreaded years of schoolyard extortion. This is the story of belonging to a society that doesn't accept you. This is the story of prison and of college, of Brooklyn and Berkeley, of soul and rap, of murder and redemption.
This is the story Jonathan Lethem was born to tell. This is The Fortress of Solitude.
The Fortress of Solitude is crowded beyond my powers of summary with lessons, insights, facts, dates, song titles and minor characters. But I much prefer its mess and sprawl to the tightly wound intellectual parlor tricks of earlier Lethem novels like As She Climbed Across the Table and Girl in Landscape. The fictional (Barrett Rude, Abraham Ebdus) is squeezed in alongside the actual (Marvin Gaye, Stan Brakhage), and the naturalistic geography of a borough Lethem knows like the back of his hand is illuminated by a daub of magic realism, when Dylan and Mingus come into possession of a ring that gives them super powers. A.O.Scott
Lethem reconfigures his own autobiography in a book as deep into race as Invisible Man, as deep into the sidewalks of New York as Call It Sleep, and as deep into pop -- comics, sci-fi again, and especially music -- as everybody but the watchdogs of seriousness.
If there still remains any doubt, this novel confirms Lethem's status as the poet of Brooklyn and of motherless boys. Projected through the prism of race relations, black music and pop art, Lethem's stunning, disturbing and authoritatively observed narrative covers three decades of turbulent events on Dean Street, Brooklyn. When Abraham and Rachel Ebdus arrive there in the early 1970s, they are among the first whites to venture into a mainly black neighborhood that is just beginning to be called Boerum Hill. Abraham is a painter who abandons his craft to construct tiny, virtually indistinguishable movie frames in which nothing happens. Ex-hippie Rachel, a misguided liberal who will soon abandon her family, insists on sending their son, Dylan, to public school, where he stands out like a white flag. Desperately lonely, regularly attacked and abused by the black kids ("yoked," in the parlance), Dylan is saved by his unlikely friendship with his neighbor Mingus Rude, the son of a once-famous black singer, Barnett Rude Jr., who is now into cocaine and rage at the world. The story of Dylan and Mingus, both motherless boys, is one of loyalty and betrayal, and eventually different paths in life. Dylan will become a music journalist, and Mingus, for all his intelligence, kindness, verbal virtuosity and courage, will wind up behind bars. Meanwhile, the plot manages to encompass pop music from punk rock to rap, avant-garde art, graffiti, drug use, gentrification, the New York prison system-and to sing a vibrant, sometimes heartbreaking ballad of Brooklyn throughout. Lethem seems to have devoured the '70s, '80s and '90s-inhaled them whole-and he reproduces them faithfully on the page, in prose as supple as silk and as bright, explosive and illuminating as fireworks. Scary and funny and seriously surreal, the novel hurtles on a trajectory that feels inevitable. By the time Dylan begins to break out of the fortress of solitude that has been his life, readers have shared his pain and understood his dreams. (Sept. 16) Forecast: Although it has less edge-of-the-seat suspense than the NBCC Award-winning Motherless Brooklyn, this novel will enhance Lethem's literary reputation and win a wider audience for his work. Author tour. Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information.
Like Don DeLillo's Underworld, this sprawling, ambitious work by Lethem (Motherless Brooklyn) gives a kind of social history of late 20th-century America while remaining grounded in the childhood world of New York stoops. Instead of the 1950s Bronx, however, Lethem starts his story in a few sullen blocks in Brooklyn, following the friendship of two neighbor boys of different races, Dylan Ebdus and Mingus Rude, from the urban era of "white flight" in the early 1970s to gentrification. The life of the block is superbly drawn over the book's first 200 pages, especially Lethem's evocations of children's street life; the years of shakedowns and "yokings" suffered by Dylan, a boy left heartbreakingly unprepared by his hippyish parents, are so knowingly described that anyone who ever suffered the attention of bullies will have to take reading breaks. Also like Underworld, however, Lethem's novel can seem overfilled with cultural riffing, however brilliantly observed. Dylan and Mingus share the boyhood worlds of comics and graffiti (even splitting a street tag identity), of rap, and even of a ring with magic powers, but ultimately they compete with Lethem's scene-setting cultural and musical criticism. And while Lethem is an impressively savvy writer on race, women come and go without adding much weight to his story. This flawed but daring work is recommended for all general collections. [Previewed in Prepub Alert, LJ 5/1/03.]-Nathan Ward, "Library Journal" Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information.
Abandoning the inspired and nimble high-concept genre alchemy of his previous novels, Jonathan Lethem follows up his award-winning Tour(ette's)-de-force, Motherless Brooklyn (1999), with a big, personal, sometimes breathtaking, and sometimes disappointing book about music, class, race, authenticity, Brooklyn, and America. Dylan Ebdus is the son of an obsessive monklike artist father and an opinionated hippie-ish mother whose ill-considered idealism plants the family, before she disappears, in a not-yet-gentrified black Brooklyn neighborhood where Dylan’s whiteness becomes his defining quality. Dylan’s best friend, Mingus Rude, has inherited the charisma and effortless cool of his drug-addicted, soul-singer father, Barrett Rude Jr., and Dylan’s existence improves as he taps into it, unaware of the cost to Mingus. When a wino gives Dylan a ring that grants the wearer the power of flight, the boys try to emulate comic-book superheroes, but their crime-fighting backfires, and the ring is used, individually and together, only a handful of times. Following them through the ’70s, we witness the birth of hip-hop culture as the boys tag the city with graffiti and black music turns into what will one day be rap. Dylan’s entering an elite Manhattan high school is his path out of Brooklyn to the larger, white world, and he willfully abandons Mingus, who then teams with Dylan's bęte noire, criminal thug Robert Woolfolk, for drug-dealing and eventual disaster. Dylan tries to escape his origins at a Vermont college, a rich-kid Eden, where he encounters the "suburban obliviousness . . . to the intricate boundaries of race and music which were my inheritance and obsession," but he’s expelled for trailingBrooklyn, and the wrong kind of drug dealing, behind him. Dylan moves on to Berkeley, where he becomes a music writer with a black girlfriend. On a trip to LAduring which he disastrously pitches the story of the Prisonaires, a black singing group formed in jail, to DreamWorksDylan finds a lead to his missing mother, and is spurred to visit Mingus in jail. An on-and-off crack addict, mostly incarcerated since shooting his fallen preacher grandfather at 18, Mingus is now fully revealed as bearer of the black man’s burden. Dylan is the self-serving phoenix that rises from Mingus’s sacrifice, as popular music is constructed from the sounds of black suffering. When Dylan offers him the ring to break out, Mingus directs him to give it to Robert Woolfolk, incomprehensible, unyielding Other. The opening section, Dylan’s childhood, is some kind of miracle: the subtleties and cruelties of growing up in the mysterious world, and the nearly instinctive dance of black and white, are perfectly captured in a sometimes dreamy lyric voice anchored by a gorgeous specificity of detail, a vivid portrait of a very particular time and place that rises to the universal. Later, though, while this unique vision of race is intelligent, nuanced, and complex, it becomes sometimes a bit schematic, with symbolism too bald, and, like Dylan’s every effort to expiate his white guilt, it makes things worse: the story, weighed down, ceases to soar. Still, though, terrifically entertaining: a fine, rich, thoughtful novel from one of our best writers. Play that funky music, white boy. Author tour
Loading...1. Why has Jonathan Lethem titled his novel The Fortress of Solitude? Where does the phrase come from? In what ways is Dylan Ebdus a solitary child? In what ways does he live inside a fortress?
2. What does The Fortress of Solitude reveal about the dynamics of childhood friendships? What kind of friendship does Dylan have with Mingus Rude? With Arthur Lomb? Why does Dylan want so badly to be accepted by Mingus?
3. The Fortress of Solitude is a realistic novel, except for one fantastic element: the magic ring that enables its wearer to fly and to become invisible. Why has Lethem included the ring in the story? What effect does it have on Dylan? How is the ring crucial to the plot of the novel?
4. When Mingus asks Dylan if “everything” is cool, Dylan thinks of his science teacher explaining that “the universe was reportedly exploding in slow motion, everything falling away from everything else at a fixed rate. It was a good enough explanation for now” [p. 118]. Why does Dylan think of this theory at this moment? How does it explain Dylan’s neighborhood and home life?
5. What effect do comic books, pop music, and other aspects of popular culture have on the characters in The Fortress of Solitude? How is Dylan’s sense of self shaped by his fascination with comic book superheroes?
6. When he sees Dose’s tag on a sleeping homeless man, Abraham tells Dylan, “Maybe this is just a terrible place. Maybe in these streets right and wrong are confused, so you and your friends run insane like animals that would do this to a human person” [p. 141]. Is Abraham correct in his assessment?How does the Gowanus neighborhood affect those who grow up in it?
7. Abby tells Dylan, “Your childhood is some privileged sanctuary you live in all the time, instead of here with me” [p. 316–17]. Why is Dylan so obsessed with understanding his childhood? How have his childhood experiences made it harder for him to connect with others?
8. As Dylan is attempting to rescue Mingus from prison, he thinks of the “ordinary angst” he’d earned as a “grown-up Californian . . . an author of liner notes, an inadequate boyfriend,” and asks himself: “How could I have thrown over these attainments for this chimera of rescue?” [p. 488]. Why does he take such risks to rescue Mingus? What are his real reasons for offering the ring to Robert Woolfolk?
9. In what ways is The Fortress of Solitude a satirical novel? How are Hollywood and private school education depicted in the novel? How does Lethem present the world of science fiction publishing?
10. Near the end of the novel, Abby tells Dylan, “I guess being enthralled with negritude still beats self-reflection every time” [p. 457]. Is it true that Dylan is obsessed with race? Does he use that obsession to avoid self-knowledge? What is he afraid to discover about himself?
11. When Dylan leaves Croft Vendle, he thinks: “He wasn’t the father I never had. . . . Abraham was the father I never had, and Rachel was the mother I never had, and Gowanus or Boerum Hill was the home I never had, everything was only itself however many names it carried” [p. 506]. In what sense is it true that Dylan grew up without a mother or a father or a home? How have these absences affected him?
12. The Fortress of Solitude is a vivid evocation of a particular period and place, as seen through the eyes of Dylan Ebdus, and while the novel does not overtly make any large statements about race relations, what does it suggest about how blacks and whites see each other? What scenes particularly dramatize the tensions between blacks and whites in Brooklyn?
13. The Fortress of Solitude includes two self-contained chapters, “Liner Note” and “Prisonaires,” which function almost as set pieces. Why has Lethem included these? How are they different from the rest of the narrative? What do they reveal about Dylan?
14. In interviews, Jonathan Lethem has described the novel as structured like a musical boxed set. In what ways is this novel reminiscent of a boxed set? Why might Lethem have chosen this structure?
15. Much of The Fortress of Solitude concerns the gentrification of Gowanus into Boerum Hill. How has the neighborhood changed when Dylan returns at the end of the novel? Has the neighborhood been genuinely improved or simply turned into another playground for the trendy? What does Dylan mean when he says: “A gentrification was the scar left by a dream, Utopia the show which always closed on opening night”? [p. 508]
16. At the end of the novel, Dylan thinks of his mother pushing him into nearly all-black public schools “which were becoming only rehearsals for prison. Her mistake was so beautiful, so stupid, so American” [p. 508]. Why does Dylan think it was a mistake for Rachel to send him to public school? What does Dylan mean when he calls that mistake beautiful, stupid, and American?
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