| Acknowledgments | xi |
| Preface | xiii |
| 1. | Where We Are Starting From | 19 |
| 2. | Where We Are Going (for Final Answers) | 25 |
| 3. | "Aionios"--How Long Is "Forever"? | 37 |
| 4. | "If a Man Lives Again, Can He Die?" (The Question of Immortality) | 51 |
| 5. | "The Soul Is Immortal, But ..." (The Philosophers versus the Fathers) | 65 |
| 6. | Old Testament "Sheol"--Do the Godly Go to "Hell"? | 77 |
| 7. | The End of the Wicked in the Old Testament | 87 |
| 8. | Between the Testaments | 119 |
| 9. | The End of the Wicked in the Apocrypha | 125 |
| 10. | The Pseudepigrapha and the Sinner's Doom | 133 |
| 11. | Final Punishment in the Teaching of Jesus | 155 |
| 12. | Golgotha and Gehenna (Jesus' Death and the Punishment of the Lost) | 215 |
| 13. | The Wages of Sin in the Writings of Paul | 235 |
| 14. | Final Punishment in the Rest of the New Testament | 271 |
| 15. | Second-Century Statements on Final Punishment (Apostolic Fathers to Clement of Alexandria) | 313 |
| 16. | Is Hell Locked from the Outside? (Origen's "Apocatastasis" and the Question of Universalism) | 343 |
| 17. | From Patristics to Protestants: The Middle Millennium | 361 |
| 18. | The Common View Questioned: Some Dissenters since the Reformation | 385 |
| 19. | Traditionalism's Problem of Pain | 411 |
| 20. | Focusing on the Issue | 423 |
| Appendix A | Augustine's Discussion of Final Punishment | 439 |
| Appendix B | John Calvin's "Psychopannychia" | 449 |
| Selective Bibliography | 469 |
| Index of Scriptures | 489 |