Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction: Genetic, Economic, and Cultural Determinism xix
Chapter 1 From 2,000,000 b.c. to a.d. 2000: The Roots and Routes of Culture 1
Incomplete Version of History 1
Culture-Genetics or Cultural Programming? 3
Roots and Routes 7
Chapter 2 Culture and Climate 13
East Side Story 14
The Effects of Climate 16
Summary 26
Chapter 3 Culture and Religion 29
Influences on the Religion-Culture Connection 32
Islam 37
Hinduism 44
Judaism 47
Jainism 49
Sikhism 50
Buddhism 51
Shinto 53
Christianity 55
The Globalization of Religion 60
Chapter 4 Cross-Century Worldviews 65
The Categorization of Cultures 67
Intercategory Comparisons 76
Chapter 5 Cultural Spectacles 91
The English and the French 92
The Germans and the Italians 99
The Americans and the Japanese 106
Conclusion 112
Chapter 6 Cultural Black Holes 115
Cultural Black Holes, by Country 121
State-Induced Black Holes 126
Chapter 7 Cognitive Processes 129
Language and Thought 132
Collective and Individual Thought Processes 137
Logic, Logic, Logic 144
Concept of Time 147
Changes in Cognitive Habits? 149
Chapter 8 The Pacific Rim: The Fourth Cultural Ecology 157
Riverine Cultural Ecology 159
Mediterranean Cultural Ecology 160
Atlantic Cultural Ecology 161
Pacific Rim Cultural Ecology 162
Chapter 9 The China Phenomenon 167
China's Achievements 168
China's Decline from Preeminence 170
Phenomenal China 177
Enduring Chinese Cultural Traits 180
Conclusion 187
Chapter 10 Americanization versus Asianization 191
The American Era 191
The Japanese Model 192
Asianizing 193
Masculinity and the WesternIntellectual Tradition 195
East and West 198
The Asian Model 204
Summary 220
Chapter 11 Culture and Globalization 223
Globalization 224
Information Technology and Globalization 227
The Standardization of Culture Itself 229
The Answer: Cultural Adaptation 236
Chapter 12 Empires-Past, Present, and Future 245
Cultural Traits as Predictors of the Future 246
Past Empires 248
Impending Chinese Dominance 249
Future Alliances: Who Wants China? 251
Most Nation-States to Survive 257
Conclusion 261
Epilogue
After September 11 271
The Rise of Islam 272
The Moorish Legacy in Europe 274
The Crusades 277
Coexistence 278
Islam's Own Problems 282
What the West Has to Learn 286
Whither the West? 291
Appendix A Cultural Categorization Characteristics 295
Appendix B Leadership Test 299
Appendix C National Traits 307
Appendix D National Communication Styles 311
Glossary 313
Bibliography 319
About the Author 323
Index 325