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Current radiation protection standards are based upon the application of the linear no-threshold (LNT) assumption, which considers that even very low doses of ionizing radiation can cause cancer. The radiation hormesis hypothesis, by contrast, proposes that low-dose ionizing radiation is beneficial. In this book, the author examines all facets of radiation hormesis in detail, including the history of the concept and mechanisms, and presents comprehensive, up-to-date reviews for major cancer types. It is explained how low-dose radiation can in fact decrease all-cause and all-cancer mortality and help to control metastatic cancer. Attention is also drawn to biases in epidemiological research when using the LNT assumption. The author shows how proponents of the LNT assumption consistently reject, manipulate, and deliberately ignore an overwhelming abundance of published data and falsely claim that no reliable data are available at doses of less than 100 mSv.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The LNT Assumption 3
1.2 Radiation Hormesis and Radioadaptive Response 6
References 12
2 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 The Radioadaptive Response 19
2.3 Chromosome Aberrations 22
2.4 Neoplastic Transformation 24
2.5 Apoptosis 26
2.6 Immune Enhancement 28
References 30
3 Natural Environmental Radiation 37
References 41
4 Accidents, Tests, and Incidents 43
4.1 Radium Dial Painters 43
4.2 Nuclear Weapons Tests 44
4.3 Mayak and Techa River Residents 45
4.4 Eastern Urals Nuclear Waste Tank Explosion 45
4.5 Japanese A-Bomb Survivors 46
4.6 Taiwan Contaminated Buildings 47
4.7 Chernobyl 47
References 50
5 Medical Exposures and Workers 53
5.1 Radiotherapy for Noncancer Conditions 53
5.2 Diagnostic Radiation Exposures 54
5.3 Prenatal Exposures 55
5.4 Radioiodine Therapy 55
5.5 Second Tumors in Radiotherapy Patients Treated for a Primary Tumor 56
5.6 Medical Workers 57
References 60
6 Nuclear Workers 63
Appendix 69
References 82
7 Biased Epidemiological Studies 85
7.1 Epidemiology Studies 85
7.2 Bias, Prejudice, and Statistical Inaccuracy 87
7.3 Pooled Studies 89
References 90
8 Evidence Negating the Healthy Worker Effect 93
References 100
9 Lung Cancer 105
9.1 Introduction 105
9.2 Tobacco 105
9.3 External Low LET Radiation 106
9.4 Radon General 109
9.5 Environmental and Ecologic Studies of Radon 109
9.6 Case-Control Studies of Radon 112
9.7 Underground Uranium Miners 115
9.8 Internal High LET Radiation 115
9.9 Mechanism 118
Appendix 118
References 126
10 Breast Cancer 135
Appendix 139
References 145
11 Leukemia 149
Appendix153
References 161
12 Liver, CNS, and Thyroid Cancers 165
12.1 Liver Cancer 165
12.2 Central Nervous System Cancer 166
12.3 Thyroid Cancer 167
Appendix 169
References 182
13 Lifespan, Birth Defects, and Experimental Cancer 185
13.1 Lifespan 185
13.2 Birth Defects 187
13.3 Experimental Cancer 188
References 193
14 Animal and Human Cancer Therapeutic Studies 197
References 202
15 Conclusions, Summary, and Importance 205
References 209
Index 215
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