| Preface | xix |
| Acknowledgments | xxi |
| Part 1 | Possession, Personal Property, and Adverse Possession | |
| Chapter 1 | The Law of Property | 3 |
| Introduction | 3 |
| Common Law Cases | 5 |
| Case Analysis | 8 |
| Chapter 2 | Personal Property and Possession | 13 |
| Introduction and Definitions | 13 |
| Possession, Relativity of Title, and First-in-Time | 14 |
| Actual Possession and the Fox Case | 15 |
| Custom | 17 |
| More Uses for the Doctrine of Custom | 19 |
| Natural Resources and Other Concerns | 19 |
| Water Law | 20 |
| Actionable Interference | 21 |
| Misappropriation | 22 |
| Chapter 3 | The Law of Finders and Prior Possessors | 29 |
| Conversion, Replevin, and Trover | 31 |
| Armory v. Delamirie | 31 |
| Extensions of the Armory Rule--and a Right of Subrogation | 32 |
| Lost Property, Mislaid Property, Abandoned Property, and Treasure Trove | 32 |
| Other Considerations | 34 |
| Instrumental View | 35 |
| Legislation | 35 |
| Chapter 4 | Bailments | 41 |
| Definition | 41 |
| Overview of Negligence and Strict Liability | 43 |
| Specialized Bailment Issues | 43 |
| Misdelivery of Bailed Property | 45 |
| When Bailed Property Is Lost or Damaged | 47 |
| Chapter 5 | Good Faith or Bona Fide Purchasers | 53 |
| Voidable Title and Bona Fide Purchasers | 53 |
| The UCC and Bona Fide Purchasers | 55 |
| Entrustment | 56 |
| Chapter 6 | Gifts | 61 |
| Inter Vivos Gifts | 61 |
| Gifts Causa Mortis | 64 |
| Chapter 7 | Fixtures | 69 |
| Chapter 8 | Adverse Possession | 73 |
| Introduction | 73 |
| Elements of Adverse Possession | 75 |
| Privity and Tacking | 80 |
| Disabilities and Tolling the Running of the Statute of Limitations | 81 |
| Life Tenants and Remaindermen | 82 |
| Part 2 | Common Law Estates and Interests in Real Property | |
| Chapter 9 | Common Law Estates and Present Interests | 107 |
| Some History | 107 |
| Estates: Some Fundamentals | 108 |
| Estates and Interests | 109 |
| What to Look for in Studying Freehold Estates | 110 |
| Defeasible Fee Simple Estates | 117 |
| Classifying Estates in Fee Simple | 121 |
| Chapter 10 | Future Interests | 129 |
| Introduction | 129 |
| Distinguishing Present Interests and Future Interests | 129 |
| Future Interests Retained by the Grantor or Transferor | 130 |
| Future Interests in Third-Party Transferees | 131 |
| Vested and Contingent Remainders | 133 |
| Practice Interpreting Grants with Conditions | |
| Precedent and Conditions Subsequent | 135 |
| Alternative Contingent Remainders | 136 |
| Why We Distinguish Vested and Contingent Remainders | 137 |
| Executory Interests | 138 |
| Variations on Vested Remainders | 139 |
| Chapter 11 | Special Rules of Construction | 151 |
| The Rule of Destructibility of Contingent Remainders | 151 |
| The Merger Rule | 153 |
| The Rule in Shelley's Case | 154 |
| The Doctrine of Worthier Title | 156 |
| Chapter 12 | The Rule Against Perpetuities | 161 |
| The Rule Against Perpetuities | 161 |
| Interests Not Affected | 162 |
| Interests Affected | 162 |
| Interests Dependent on an Event | 165 |
| Grantee Identified by Description Rather Than Named | 168 |
| Intergenerational Family Transfers | 169 |
| Effect of Class Closing Rules | 171 |
| Commercial Options | 174 |
| Statutory Reforms of the Rule | 175 |
| Chapter 13 | Concurrent Ownership | 185 |
| Tenancy in Common | 185 |
| Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship | 186 |
| Distinguishing Joint Tenancies from Tenancies in Common | 188 |
| Severance | 189 |
| Tenancy by the Entirety | 192 |
| Rights and Obligations Between Co-tenants | 193 |
| Partition | 197 |
| Chapter 14 | Marital Property | 209 |
| Common Law Dower | 209 |
| Dower Reform | 210 |
| The Elements of Dower | 210 |
| Dower and Adverse Possession | 211 |
| Dower and Waste | 212 |
| Release of Dower | 212 |
| Barring Dower | 212 |
| Forcing an Election | 212 |
| Curtesy | 212 |
| The Modern Elective Share | 214 |
| Calculating the Amount of the Elective Share | 214 |
| Homesteads | 215 |
| Community Property | 216 |
| Part 3 | The Law of Landlord and Tenant | |
| Chapter 15 | The Landlord and Tenant Relationship | 225 |
| Types of Leases | 225 |
| The Landlord's Duty to Deliver Possession | 229 |
| The Holdover Tenant (Briefly Now--More Later) | 230 |
| Chapter 16 | Transfers of the Lease | 239 |
| Privity of Contract and Privity of Estate | 239 |
| Assignments and Subleases | 239 |
| The Traditional Rule | 240 |
| Rule of Intent | 240 |
| The Effect of Tenant Transfers on Privity | 241 |
| Real Covenants | 242 |
| Landlord's Consent to a Sublease or Assignment | 243 |
| Landlord Consent Provisions | 243 |
| The Rule of Dumpor's Case | 245 |
| Transfers of the Landlord's Interest | 245 |
| Chapter 17 | Waste, Duty to Repair, Destruction of Leased Premises, and Security Deposits | 251 |
| Waste | 251 |
| The Measure of Damages for Waste | 252 |
| Fixtures | 252 |
| The Duty to Repair | 253 |
| The Destruction of the Premises | 254 |
| Security Deposits | 255 |
| Chapter 18 | Termination and Abandoment of the Lease | 259 |
| Landlord Eviction of Tenant in Default | 259 |
| Self-help | 259 |
| Ejectment | 260 |
| Summary Possession Statutes | 261 |
| Tenant's Abandonment and Surrender | 263 |
| Surrender | 263 |
| Abandonment | 263 |
| Chapter 19 | Achieving Habitable Premises | 271 |
| Evictions--Actual and Otherwise | 271 |
| The Implied Warranty of Habitability | 275 |
| Retaliatory Eviction as a Tenant's Defense to Eviction | 279 |
| Illegal and Frustrated Leases | 281 |
| Chapter 20 | Premises Liability of Landlords | 293 |
| Landlord Liability for Criminal Acts | 295 |
| Exculpatory Clauses | 296 |
| Chapter 21 | The Holdover Tenant and Concluding Comments | 301 |
| Part 4 | Transfers of Land | |
| Chapter 22 | The Sales Contract | 311 |
| Introduction | 311 |
| Closing | 312 |
| Remedies for Breach | 313 |
| Real Estate Brokers and Agents | 313 |
| Broker as Seller's Agent | 315 |
| Broker's Duty to Disclose Latent Defects to Purchasers | 316 |
| The Statute of Frauds | 317 |
| Part Performance and Other Exceptions | 318 |
| Chapter 23 | Executory Period Issues | 327 |
| Introduction | 327 |
| Marketable Title | 328 |
| Caveat Emptor and the Duty to Disclose Defects | 333 |
| Time for Performance | 334 |
| Remedies for Breach of Sales Contract | 335 |
| Equitable Conversion and Risk of Loss | 336 |
| Chapter 24 | Real Estate Closings | 349 |
| The Closing or Settlement Process | 349 |
| Delivery | 350 |
| Mortgages | 354 |
| Chapter 25 | Post-Closing Title Assurances | 369 |
| Merger Doctrine | 369 |
| Types of Deeds | 369 |
| Deed Covenants | 370 |
| Present Covenants | 372 |
| Future Covenants | 373 |
| Damages | 374 |
| Attorney Fees | 375 |
| Remote Grantees | 376 |
| Implied Warranty of Quality | 377 |
| After Acquired Title (Estoppel by Deed) | 379 |
| Chapter 26 | The Recording Systems | 391 |
| Introduction | 391 |
| Searching a Chain of Title Using the Grantee Index | 393 |
| Searching a Chain of Title Using the Grantor Index | 394 |
| Searching a Tract Index | 394 |
| The Recording Acts | 395 |
| Race or Pure Race Statute | 395 |
| Race-Notice Statute | 396 |
| Notice or Pure Notice Statute | 399 |
| Purchasers for Value | 400 |
| Problems in Grantor-Grantee | 401 |
| Marketable Title Acts | 402 |
| Title Insurance | 404 |
| Part 5 | Private Land Use Controls | |
| Chapter 27 | Private Nuisance | 423 |
| Introduction | 423 |
| Intentional and Unintentional Interferences | 424 |
| Substantial Interference | 425 |
| Unreasonable Interference | 425 |
| Injunctions and Damages | 426 |
| Chapter 28 | Creation of Easements | 433 |
| Introduction | 433 |
| Terminology | 434 |
| Express Easements | 436 |
| Easements by Estoppel and Irrevocable Licenses | 437 |
| Implied Easements | 439 |
| Easements Implied from Prior Use | 440 |
| Easements Implied by Necessity | 442 |
| Prescriptive Easements | 443 |
| Chapter 29 | Assignability, Scope, and Termination of Easements | 459 |
| Assignability of Easements | 459 |
| Divisibility and Apportionment | 460 |
| Scope of Easements | 462 |
| Termination of Easements | 465 |
| Chapter 30 | Real Covenants and Equitable Servitudes: Running with the Land | 477 |
| Introduction | 477 |
| Terminology | 478 |
| Identifying Real Covenants and Equitable Servitudes | 479 |
| Intent to Bind and Benefit Successors | 480 |
| Touch and Concern | 481 |
| Real Covenants and the Privity of Estate | 485 |
| Equitable Servitudes and the Notice Requirement | 489 |
| Chapter 31 | Real Covenants and Equitable Servitudes: Common Schemes and Termination | 497 |
| The Common Scheme and Subdivisions | 497 |
| The Common Scheme and Standing to Enforce a Servitude | 498 |
| The Common Scheme and Notice for Recording Acts and Equitable Servitudes | 500 |
| The Common Scheme and the Statute of Frauds | 502 |
| What Constitutes a Common Scheme | 502 |
| Termination of Covenants and Servitudes | 504 |
| Part 6 | Public Land Use Controls | |
| Chapter 32 | Constitutional and Statutory Constraints on Zoning | 517 |
| Introduction | 517 |
| An Introduction to Constitutional Law | 517 |
| The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act | 518 |
| Cumulative and Noncumulative Zoning | 519 |
| The Constitutional Law in Euclid | 520 |
| Unconstitutional On Its Face and Unconstitutional As Applied | 523 |
| Nonconforming Uses | 524 |
| Amortization | 525 |
| Chapter 33 | Variances, Special Exceptions, and Zoning Amendments | 531 |
| Variances | 531 |
| Special Exceptions | 534 |
| Judicial Review of Variances and Special Exceptions | 535 |
| Amending the Zoning Ordinance | 536 |
| The Problem of Spot Zoning | 537 |
| Initiative and Referendum | 539 |
| Contract and Conditional Zoning | 540 |
| Floating Zones, Cluster Zones, and PUDs | 540 |
| Chapter 34 | Selected Challenges to Zoning Ordinances | 551 |
| Aesthetic Regulation | 551 |
| Adult Entertainment | 555 |
| Household Composition of Single-Family Residences | 557 |
| Exclusionary Zoning | 561 |
| Chapter 35 | Takings | 573 |
| Conventional Condemnation | 573 |
| Inverse Condemnation | 575 |
| Categorical or Per Se Takings | 576 |
| Regulatory Takings | 579 |
| Exactions | 586 |
| Remedies | 589 |
| Table of Cases | 599 |
| Index | 603 |