| Translator's Note | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| Introduction | |
| Bk. I | On Received Ideas About the Scope of Political Authority | 1 |
| 1 | The purpose of this work | 3 |
| 2 | Rousseau's first principle on the origin of political authority | 6 |
| 3 | Rousseau's second principle on the scope of political authority | 8 |
| 4 | Rousseau's arguments for boundless political authority | 15 |
| 5 | That Rousseau's error comes from his wanting to distinguish the prerogatives of society from those of the government | 17 |
| 6 | The consequences of Rousseau's theory | 19 |
| 7 | On Hobbes | 21 |
| 8 | Hobbes's opinion reproduced | 23 |
| 9 | On the inconsistency with which Rousseau has been reproached | 24 |
| Bk. II | On the Principles to Replace Received Ideas on the Extent of Political Authority | 29 |
| 1 | On the limitation of political authority | 31 |
| 2 | On the rights of the majority | 32 |
| 3 | On the organization of government when political power is not limited | 35 |
| 4 | Objection to the possibility of limiting political authority | 36 |
| 5 | On the limits of political authority restricted to a minimum | 38 |
| 6 | On individual rights when political authority is thus restricted | 39 |
| 7 | On the principle of utility substituted for the idea of individual rights | 39 |
| Bk. III | On Arguments and Hypotheses in Favor of the Extension of Political Authority | 45 |
| 1 | On the extension of political authority beyond its necessary minimum, on the grounds of utility | 47 |
| 2 | On the hypotheses without which extension of political authority is illegitimate | 49 |
| 3 | Are governors necessarily less liable to error than the governed? | 50 |
| 4 | Are governmental mistakes less dangerous than those of individuals? | 55 |
| 5 | On the nature of the means political authority can use on the grounds of utility | 57 |
| Bk. IV | On the Proliferation of the Laws | 61 |
| 1 | Natural causes of the proliferation of the laws | 63 |
| 2 | The idea which usually develops about the effects which the proliferation of the laws has and the falsity of that idea | 63 |
| 3 | That the principal benefit which supporters of democratic government are looking for in the proliferation of the laws does not exist | 65 |
| 4 | On the corruption which the proliferation of the laws causes among the agents of the government | 66 |
| 5 | Another drawback of the proliferation of the laws | 67 |
| Bk. V | On Arbitrary Measures | 71 |
| 1 | On arbitrary measures and why people have always protested less about them than about attacks on property | 73 |
| 2 | On the grounds for arbitrary measures and the prerogative of preventing crimes | 74 |
| 3 | Specious argument in support of arbitrary government | 77 |
| 4 | On the effect of arbitrary measures in terms of moral life, industry, and the duration of governments | 78 |
| 5 | On the influence of arbitrary rule on the governors themselves | 80 |
| Bk. VI | On Coups d'Etat | 83 |
| 1 | On the admiration for coups d'Etat | 85 |
| 2 | On coups d'Etat in countries with written constitutions | 89 |
| 3 | The condition necessary to stop constitutional violations | 93 |
| Bk. VII | On Freedom of Thought | 101 |
| 1 | The object of the following three books | 103 |
| 2 | On freedom of thought | 103 |
| 3 | On the expression of thought | 105 |
| 4 | Continuation of the same subject | 112 |
| 5 | Continuation of the same subject | 117 |
| 6 | Some necessary explication | 123 |
| 7 | Final observations | 124 |
| Bk. VIII | On Religious Freedom | 129 |
| 1 | Why religion was so often attacked by the men of the Enlightenment | 131 |
| 2 | On civil intolerance | 135 |
| 3 | On the proliferation of sects | 137 |
| 4 | On the maintenance of religion by government against the spirit of inquiry | 139 |
| 5 | On the reestablishment of religion by government | 140 |
| 6 | On the axiom that the people must have a religion | 141 |
| 7 | On the utilitarian case for religion | 142 |
| 8 | Another effect of the axiom that the people must have a religion | 143 |
| 9 | On tolerance when government gets involved | 144 |
| 10 | On the persecution of a religious belief | 144 |
| Bk. IX | On Legal Safeguards | 149 |
| 1 | On the independence of the courts | 151 |
| 2 | On the abridgment of due process | 153 |
| 3 | On punishments | 157 |
| 4 | On the prerogative of exercising mercy | 160 |
| Bk. X | On the Action of Government with Regard to Property | 163 |
| 1 | The purpose of this book | 165 |
| 2 | The natural division of the inhabitants of the same territory into two classes | 165 |
| 3 | On property | 167 |
| 4 | On the status property should occupy in political institutions | 168 |
| 5 | On examples drawn from antiquity | 171 |
| 6 | On the proprietorial spirit | 173 |
| 7 | That territorial property alone brings together all the advantages of property | 174 |
| 8 | On property in public funds | 179 |
| 9 | On the amount of landed property which society has the right to insist upon for the exercise of political rights | 182 |
| 10 | That owners have no interest in abusing power vis-a-vis nonowners | 183 |
| 11 | On hereditary privileges compared to property | 185 |
| 12 | Necessary comment | 186 |
| 13 | On the best way of giving proprietors a large political influence | 190 |
| 14 | On the action of government on property | 192 |
| 15 | On laws which favor the accumulation of property in the same hands | 193 |
| 16 | On laws which enforce the wider spreading of property | 196 |
| Bk. XI | On Taxation | 203 |
| 1 | The object of this book | 205 |
| 2 | The first right of the governed with regard to taxation | 205 |
| 3 | The second right of the governed with regard to taxation | 207 |
| 4 | On various types of taxes | 207 |
| 5 | How taxation becomes contrary to individual rights | 212 |
| 6 | That taxes bearing on capital are contrary to individual rights | 214 |
| 7 | That the interest of the state in matters of taxation is consistent with individual rights | 215 |
| 8 | An incontestable axiom | 219 |
| 9 | The drawback of excessive taxation | 220 |
| 10 | A further drawback of excessive taxation | 221 |
| Bk. XII | On government jurisdiction over economic activity and population | 225 |
| 1 | Preliminary observation | 227 |
| 2 | On legitimate political jurisdiction vis-a-vis economic activity | 228 |
| 3 | That there are two branches of government intervention with regard to economic activity | 228 |
| 4 | On privileges and prohibitions | 229 |
| 5 | On the general effect of prohibitions | 247 |
| 6 | On things which push governments in this mistaken direction | 248 |
| 7 | On the supports offered by government | 251 |
| 8 | On the equilibrium of production | 255 |
| 9 | A final example of the adverse effects of government intervention | 258 |
| 10 | Conclusions from the above reflections | 259 |
| 11 | On government measures in relation to population | 260 |
| Bk. XIII | On War | 275 |
| 1 | From what point of view war can be considered as having advantages | 277 |
| 2 | On the pretexts for war | 279 |
| 3 | The effect of the politics of war on the domestic condition of nations | 282 |
| 4 | On safeguards against the war mania of governments | 286 |
| 5 | On the mode of forming and maintaining armies | 289 |
| Bk. XIV | On Government Action on Enlightenment | 295 |
| 1 | Questions to be dealt with in this book | 297 |
| 2 | On the value attributed to errors | 298 |
| 3 | On government in support of truth | 301 |
| 4 | On government protection of enlightenment | 304 |
| 5 | On the upholding of morality | 307 |
| 6 | On the contribution of government to education | 308 |
| 7 | On government duties vis-a-vis enlightenment | 315 |
| Bk. XV | The Outcome of Preceding Discussion Relative to the Action of Government | 319 |
| 1 | The outcome of the preceding discussion | 321 |
| 2 | On three pernicious ideas | 322 |
| 3 | On ideas of uniformity | 322 |
| 4 | Application of this principle to the composition of representative assemblies | 326 |
| 5 | Further thoughts on the preceding chapter | 328 |
| 6 | On ideas of stability | 338 |
| 7 | On premature ameliorations | 340 |
| 8 | On a false way of reasoning | 345 |
| Bk. XVI | On Political Authority in the Ancient World | 349 |
| 1 | Why among the ancients political authority could be more extensive than in modern times | 351 |
| 2 | The first difference between the social State of the ancients and that of modern times | 352 |
| 3 | The second difference | 353 |
| 4 | The third difference | 355 |
| 5 | The fourth difference | 358 |
| 6 | The fifth difference | 359 |
| 7 | The result of these differences between the ancients and the moderns | 361 |
| 8 | Modern imitators of the republics of antiquity | 365 |
| Bk. XVII | On the True Principles of Freedom | 381 |
| 1 | On the inviolability of the true principles of freedom | 383 |
| 2 | That the circumscription of political authority, within its precise limits, does not tend at all to weaken the necessary action of the government | 385 |
| 3 | Final thoughts on civil freedom and political freedom | 386 |
| 4 | Apologia for despotism by Louis XIV | 392 |
| Bk. XVIII | On the Duties of Individuals to Political Authority | 395 |
| 1 | Difficulties with regard to the question of resistance | 397 |
| 2 | On obedience to the law | 398 |
| 3 | On revolutions | 405 |
| 4 | On the duties of enlightened men during revolutions | 407 |
| 5 | Continuation of the same subject | 413 |
| 6 | On the duties of enlightened men after violent revolutions | 419 |
| Additions to the Work Entitled Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments | 425 |
| Index | 535 |
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