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Textbook (Paperback - New Edition)
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The now venerable textbook continues its double focus on technique and visual awareness, updating the technical aspects to include the digital dimension infiltrating the profession, and placing more emphasis of ways to improve visual awareness. Auxiliary material includes an instructor's manual, a student laboratory manual and journal, and an interactive Web site.
Annotation © Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
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November 24, 2008: I found it very helpful for my B&W Photgraphy class.
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January 30, 2001: this is a pretty good introduction to photography. the book covers just about everything, including digital photography. for the beginner or anyone who wants to learn how to make images, this book is a great choice.
This venerable volume, now in its sixth edition, is uniquely suited to aide beginners and professionals alike. This edition has been updated to include a chapter on digital photography and internet-ready imaging. The insights of professional photographers are included throughout, in the form of images and interviews. When an instructional work has lasted through this many editions, you know it offers the advice and information photography buffs require.
This best-selling introductory photography text teaches students how to use the medium confidently and effectively by emphasizing both technique and visual awareness. Comprehensive in scope, this book features superb instructional illustrations and examples in its clear presentation of both black and white and color photography. London offers extensive coverage of digital imaging and the latest technological developments, such as Web page design and formatting photos on CD-ROMs.
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Preface viii
1 Getting Started 2
Camera and Film 4
Getting Your Camera Ready 5
Focusing and Setting the Exposure 6
Taking Your Picture 8
What Will You Photograph? 9
Some Basic Guidelines to Get You Started 9
Photographing People 10
Photographing Places 12
2 Camera 14
Basic Camera Controls 16
The Shutter 18
The Shutter and Light 18
The Shutter and Motion 20
Conveying Motion in a Still Photograph 22
The Aperture 24
The Aperture and Light 24
The Aperture and Depth of Field 26
Using Shutter and Aperture Together 28
Choosing a Camera 30
Keeping the Camera Steady 33
photographer at work: Photojournalist James Nachtwey 34
3 Lens 36
From Pinhole to Lens 38
Lens Focal Length 40
Normal Focal Length 42
Long Focal Length 44
Short Focal Length 46
Zoom Lenses 48
Special-Purpose Lenses 49
Focusing Your Lens 50
Manual Focus 50
Automatic Focus 52
Focus and Depth of Field 54
Controlling Depth of Field 56
Zone Focusing 58
Focusing on the Hyperfocal Distance 59
Perspective 60
Guidelines for Buying a Lens 62
Getting the Most from Your Camera and Lens 63
photographer at work: Mary Ellen Mark 64
4 Exposure, Sensors, and Film 66
Exposure Basics 68
Equivalent Exposures 68
How Exposure Meters Work 69
In-Camera Exposure Meters 70
Automatic Exposure 71
How to Meter 72
An Overall Reading of a Scene with Average Tones 72
Using Different Types of Meters 73
Metering High-Contrast Scenes 74
Exposing for Specific Tones and Bracketing 76
Hard-to-Meter Scenes 77
Responding to Light 78
Silver and Pixels 78
Selecting and Using Film 79
Exposure Latitude and Dynamic Range 80
How Much Can Exposures Vary? 80
Film and Sensor Speed 82
Speed and ISO 82
Grain and Noise 83
Extending Beyond Visible Light 84
Infrared Photographs 84
Special Purpose Films 86
Instant and Chromogenic Films 86
Polarizing Filters 87
Using Filters 88
Using Exposure 90
photographer at work: Advertising Photographer Clint Clemens 92
5 Developing the Negative 94
How to Process Black-and-White Roll Film 96
Equipment and Supplies You’ll Need 96
Processing Chemicals and How to Handle Them 97
Chemical Safety 98
Processing Black-and-White Roll Film Step by Step 100
How Film Processing Affects Your Picture 106
Exposure and Development: Under, Normal, Over 108
6 Printing in a Darkroom 110
Black-and-White Printing 112
Equipment and Supplies for Printing 112
The Enlarger 114
Printing Papers 116
Making a Black-and-White Print Step by Step 118
A Contact Sheet: A Whole Roll at Once 118
Setting Up an Enlargement 120
A Test Strip for Your Print 122
A Trial Print–and Then a Final Print 123
Processing a Black-and-White Print 124
Evaluating Density and Contrast in a Print 128
Controlling Contrast 130
Graded- and Variable-Contrast Papers 130
Dodging and Burning 132
Cropping 134
Archival Processing for Maximum Permanence 135
Toning for Color and Other Effects 136
7 Color 138
Color: Additive or Subtractive 140
Color Photographs: Three Image Layers 141
Color Characteristics 142
Color Balance 144
Color Changes through the Day 144
Color Casts 146
Color Temperature 147
Filters to Balance Color 148
Developing Color Film 150
Making a Color Print From a Negative 151
Equipment and Materials You’ll Need 151
Exposing a Test Print 152
Judging Density in a Print Made from a Negative 154
Judging Color Balance in a Print Made from a Negative 155
More About Color Balance and Print Finishing 157
Making a Color Print from a Transparency 158
Judging a Print Made from a Transparency 159
photographer at work: Another Angle on Sports–Walter Iooss, Jr. 160
8 Setting up a Digital Darkroom 162
Hardware and Software 164
An Overview 164
Capturing Detail: Resolution and Bit Depth 165
Photographs Are Files 166
File Formats 166
Importing Your Images 168
Downloading and Scanning 168
Making a Scan 169
Color Management 170
Histograms 172
Anatomy of a Digital Image 172
Three Histograms for Color 173
Setting Up a Workflow 174
photographer at work: Digital Storyteller–Pedro Meyer 176
9 Image Editing 178
Digital Post-Processing and Editing: Getting Started 180
Choosing Software 180
Your Work Area and Tools 181
Setting Up an Image to Edit 182
Channels 183
Color or Black and White? 183
Adjusting Color and Value 184
Different Approaches 184
Using Levels 185
Curves 186
Adjusting All or Part of an Image 188
Selection Tools 188
Using Layers 189
Other Editing Commands 190
High Dynamic Range 190
Filters for Special Effects 191
Retouching and Sharpening 192
Compositing 194
An Image-Editing Workflow 196
10 Digital Printing 198
Printers and Printing 200
Printer Choices 200
Drivers and RIPs 201
Profiles and Soft Proofing 202
Papers and Inks 203
Printing Options 204
Panoramic Photographs 204
Printing in Black and White 206
Displaying Your Work 208
The Internet–Gallery and Resource 208
Ethics: How Far Can You Go? 209
11 Organizing and Storing Your Work 210
Image Storage 212
Size Matters 212
Metadata: Data About Your Files 213
Software to Keep You Organized 214
Archiving Digital Images 215
Archiving Film and Prints 216
12 Print Finishing and Display 218
Spotting to Remove Minor Flaws 220
Mounting a Print 221
Equipment and Supplies You’ll Need 221
Dry Mounting 222
Cutting an Overmat 224
Framing and Glazing 225
13 Lighting 226
Direction of Light 228
Degree of Diffusion: From Hard to Soft Light 230
Available Light–Outdoors 232
Available Light–Indoors 233
Artificial Light 234
Lights and Other Lighting Equipment 234
Qualities of Artificial Light 235
The Main Light: The Dominant Source 236
The Fill Light: To Lighten Shadows 238
Lighting with Flash 240
Flash Equipment 241
Basic Flash Techniques 242
Manual Flash Exposures 244
Automatic Flash Exposures 245
Fill Flash: To Lighten Shadows 246
Controlling Background Brightness 248
Simple Portrait Lighting 250
Multiple-Light Portrait Setups 252
Lighting Textured Objects 254
Lighting Reflective Objects 255
Lighting Translucent Objects 256
Using Lighting 257
photographer at work: Dance Photographer Lois Greenfield 258
14 Extending the Image 260
Using Scale 262
Pictures Very Large and Very Small 262
Multiple Images 264
More is Better 264
Fabricated to be Photographed 266
The Photograph as Object 268
Using Projections 270
Making a Book 271
Alternative Processes 272
Cyanotype Printing 272
Platinum and Palladium Printing 273
Gum Bichromate Printing 274
Image Transfer 275
A Photogram: A Cameraless Picture 276
Cross Processing 278
A Sabattier Image: Part Positive, Part Negative 279
Pinhole Photography 280
How to Make a Close-Up Photograph 282
Close-Up Exposures 283
Copying Techniques 284
15 View Camera 286
Inside a View Camera 288
View Camera Movements 290
Rise and Fall 290
Shift 292
Tilt 294
Swing 296
Using a View Camera to Control the Image 298
Controlling the Plane of Focus 299
Controlling Perspective 300
Equipment You’ll Need 302
What to Do First–and Next 303
Loading and Processing Sheet Film 304
16 The Zone System 306
The Zone System Scales 308
Using the Zone Scale While Metering 310
Placing a Tone, Seeing Where Other Tones Fall 310
How Development Controls Contrast 312
Putting It All Together 314
Roll Film and Color Film 315
photographer at work: Using the Zone System–John Sexton 316
17 Seeing Photographs 318
Basic Choices 320
Content 320
Framing the Subject 322
Backgrounds 324
Basic Design 326
Spot/Line 326
Shape/Pattern 328
Emphasis/Balance 330
More Choices 332
Using Contrasts of Sharpness 332
Using Contrasts of Light and Dark 334
Placing the Subject within the Frame 336
Perspective and Point of View 338
Looking at–and Talking About– Photographs 340
Showing Your Work to Editors and Others 342
18 History of Photography 344
The Invention of Photography 346
Daguerreotype: “Designs on Silver Bright” 347
Calotype: Pictures on Paper 348
Collodion Wet-Plate: Sharp and Reproducible 349
Gelatin Emulsion/Roll-Film Base: Photography for Everyone 350
Color Photography 351
Early Portraits 352
Early Travel Photography 354
Early Images of War 355
Time and Motion in Early Photographs 356
The Photograph as Document 357
Photography and Social Change 358
Photojournalism 360
Photography as Art in the 19th Century 364
Pictorial Photography and the Photo-Secession 365
The Direct Image in Art 366
The Quest for a New Vision 367
Photography as Art in the 1950s and 1960s 368
Photography as Art in the 1970s and 1980s 370
A Gallery of Contemporary Photography 372
Troubleshooting 388
Glossary 399
Bibliography 404
Credits 408
Index 410
More than a million copies of Photography are now in print. Many people who have used this book have become professional photographers or photography instructors, or are continuing to pursue their personal interest in photography. Whatever your interest in photography is, this book is designed to teach the skills that you will need to use the medium confidently and effectively.
The emphasis of this edition continues to be in two major areastechnique and visual awareness. The technical material helps you learn how to control the photographic process, or as Ansel Adams put it, to "understand the way that the lens 'sees' and the film 'sees.'" Equally important, this book can help you see by showing you the choices that other photographers have made and that you can make when you raise a camera to your eye.
Clarity and convenience have always been a focus of this book. In this edition even more effort has been made to organize and format information into an easy guide for beginning photographers and a quick reference for those with experience.
The general organization of technical information has been maintained, with the addition of a technical update.
Improving visual awareness is a major emphasis of the book. Many new demonstration photographs have been added to make topics easy to understand. Throughout the book you will find hundreds of illustrations by the best photographers showing how they have put to use various technical concepts. See for example:
We are pleased to announce an expanded and interactive Website. You can visit the site at http://www.prenhall.com/london. It contains many features, including:
An instructor's manual and integrated student lab manual/journal are available, which include:
Every edition of Photography has been a collaborative effort. Instructors, students, photographers, manufacturers, editors, gallery people, and many others participated in it. They fielded queries, made suggestions, responded to material, and were unfailingly generous with their time, energy, and creative thinking.
Special thanks go to instructors who reviewed the previous edition of Photography as well as parts of this edition, and who volunteered many good ideas. They brought a particularly useful point of view, contributing many ideas on not only what to teach, but how to teach it:
Ayana Baltrip, University of California, Berkeley
Rick Bruner, Shepherd College
Elizabeth Burnham, Barton College
Susan Ciricialo, California College of Arts and Crafts
Charles Dmytriw, Northwestern Connecticut Community College
Steve Dzerigian, Fresno City College
Harris Fogel, University of the Arts, Philadelphia
Jack Fulton, San Francisco Art Institute
Chris Johnson, California College of Arts and Crafts
Jim Kelly, Southern Illinois University
John Knowlton, Green River Community College
Philip Krejcarek, Carroll College
John Labadie, University of North Carolina, Pembroke
Libby Rowe, Oregon College of Arts and Crafts
Ken Smith, University of Wyoming
Evon Streetman, Florida State University
Deborah Tharpe, University of Alaska, Anchorage
Catherine Wagner, Mills College
Al Wildey, University of Idaho School of Communications
Susan Zavoina, University of North Texas
Without editorial and production assistance, a book of this size and complexity would be impossible to complete. Barbara London and John Upton would like to thank Peggy Jones, who made many contributions to the digital imaging chapters, both in terms of technical concepts and how to put those concepts to creative use. Joe Ciaglia, as usual, could answer any question about digital imaging. Jim Stone's experience with his own books provided many insights. Blade Gillissen had information on everything from lenses to flash meters. Sean Upton handled a host of editorial tasksand more.
At Prentice Hall, special thanks to Bud Therien and Kimberly Chastain, and to Barbara DeVries for somehow keeping track of it all.
Ken Kobre and Betsy Brill appreciate the help of Debra Klochko, Director, Friends of Photography, Ansel Adams Gallery; Doug Nickel, Photography Curator at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; Arthur Oilman, Director, Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego; and collector David Raymond.
Many equipment manufacturers and technical reviewers were helpful, both in lending equipment and in reviewing material. Richard LoPinto and Mike Phillips, Nikon USA; Bernard Denevi, Nikon France; Sally Smith-Clemens, John Knaur, and Ray Acevedo, Olympus America; Wendy Erickson, Ilford; Shlomo Cazary, Sony; Tom Kunhardt, Kodak; Polaroid Corp.; Lexar; Genuine Fractals; Vivid Details; Larry Guyer, Better Light, Inc.; and Dave Christensen, North Light Products, Inc.
Special thanks for many helpful suggestions from industry consultant Fran Herman; Dave Guralnick, Detroit News; Barbara Fredericks, Infoworld magazine; Adobe Evangelist Julianne Kost; Fireside Camera, San Francisco; Unruh Photography Shop and Sonoma Image in Santa Rosa, California.
Warren Hsu, a chemist, photographer, and versatile assistant, conducted many experiments for us. Warren and Scot Tucker spent long hours assisting with the new chemical darkroom step-by-step pictures. Many of the new color demos were photographed and scanned for publication by Sibylla Herbrich, a teacher of photography at San Francisco State. Artist Ben Barbante, Infoworld art director and teacher at City College of San Francisco, contributed his considerable skills in digital illustration and photography.
Ken and Betsy owe special thanks to Nancy, McDermid, Dean of Humanities at San Francisco State University, where Ken is a professor of photojournalism; to Annemarie and Lou Madison; Karen Russell; and, most important of all, Ken's mother, Reva Kobre, Betsy's father, Earl Wright, and our supportive and loving daughter, Daria Brill.
This is a book that students keep. They refer to it long after they have finished the basic photo course for which it was purchased. Some of the people who contributed to this edition used the book themselves when they were studying photography, and still have their original, now dog-eared edition. As you work with the book, you may have suggestions on how to improve it. Please send them to us. They will be sincerely welcomed.
Dedicated to everyone who is part of this new edition.
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