Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics by Robert M. Kliegman, Richard E. Behrman, Hal B. Jenson, Bonita F. Stanton

Part I: The Field of Pediatrics

1 Overview of Pediatrics
2 Quality and Safety in Healthcare for Children
3 Ethics in Pediatric Care
4 Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
5 Maximizing Children's Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling

Part II: Growth, Development, and Behavior

6 Overview and Assessment of Variability
6.1 Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
7 The Newborn
8 The First Year
9 The Second Year
10 Preschool Years
11 Middle Childhood
12 Adolescence
13 Sexual Behavior
13.1 The Development of Sexual Behavior
13.2 Gender Identity Disorder (GID)
13.3 Adolescent Homosexuality
14 Assessment of Growth
15 Developmental Screening and Surveillance
16 Child Care: How Pediatricians Can Support Children and Famillies
17 Separation, Loss, and Bereavement
18 Sleep Medicine

Part III: Child and Adolescent Psychology

19 Assessment and Interviewing
20 Psychological Treatment of Children and Adolescents
20.1 Illness and Death
20.2 Psychopharmacology
20.3 Psychotherapy
20.4 Psychiatric Hospitalization
21 Psychosomatic Illness
22 Vegetative Disorders
22.1 Rumination Disorders
22.2 Pica
22.3 Enuresis (Bedwetting)
22.4 Encopresis
23 Habit and Tic Disorders
24 Anxiety Disorders
25 Mood Disorders
25.1 Major Depression
25.2 Dysthymic Disorder
25.3 Bipolar Disorder
26 Suicide and Attempted Suicide
27 Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Binge Eating
28 Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
29 Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Childhood Psychosis
29.1 Autistic Disorder
29.2 Asperger'sDisorder
29.3 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
29.4 Rett's Disorder
29.5 Childhood Schizophrenia
29.6 Acute Phobic Hallucinations
30 Patterns of Development and Function in the School-Aged Child
31 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
32 Specific Reading Disability
32.1 Language Development and Communication Disorders

PART IV: Children with Special Needs

33 Adoption
34 Foster Care
35 Impact of Violence on Children
35.1 School Violence and Bullying
35.2 Effect of War on Children
36 Abuse and Neglect of Children
36.1 Sexual Abuse
36.2 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
36.3 Parental Styles
37 Failure to Thrive
38 Developmental Disabilities and Chronic Illness
38.1 Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)
39 Organ Transplantation
40 Pediatric Palliative Care: The Care of Children with Life-Limiting Illness
40.1 Grief and Bereavement

Part V: Nutrition

41 Nutritional Requirements
42 The Feeding of Infants and Children
43 Food Insecurity, Hunger, and Undernutrition
44 Overweight and Obesity
45 Vitamin A Deficiency and Excess
46 Vitamin B Complex Deficiency and Excess
46.1 Thiamin (Vitamin B-1)
46.2 Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2)
46.3 Niacin
46.4 Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine)
46.5 Biotin
46.6 Folate
46.7 Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin)
47 Vitamin C Deficiency (Ascorbic Acid)
48 Rickets and Hypervitaminosis D
49 Vitamin E Deficiency
50 Vitamin K Deficiency
51 Micronutrient Deficiency

Part VI: The Pathophysiology of Body Fluids and Fluid Therapy

52 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
52.1 Composition of Body Fluids
52.2 Regulation of Osmolality and Volume
52.3 Sodium
52.4 Potassium
52.5 Magnesium
52.6 Phosphorus
52.7 Acid-Base Balance
53 Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
54 Deficit Therapy
55 Fluids and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
55.1 Acute Diarrhea and Oral Rehydration
55.2 Diarrhea in Chronically Malnourished Children
55.3 Pyloric Stenosis
55.4 Perioperative Fluids

Part VII: Pediatric Drug Therapy

56 Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteins
57 Principles of Drug Therapy
58 Poisonings
59 Herbal Medicines

Part VIII: Critical Care Medicine

60 Evaluation of the Sick Child in the Office and Clinic
61 Injury Control
62 Emergency Medical Services for Children
63 Interfacility Transfer of the Critically Ill Infant and Child
64 Monitoring Techniques for the Critically Ill Infant and Child
65 Scoring Systems and Predictors of Mortality
66 Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
67 Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
67.1 Brain Death
68 Shock
69 Respiratory Distress and Failure
70 Mechanical Ventilation
70.1 Chronic Mechanical Ventilation
71 Acute Care of the Multiple Trauma Victim
72 Nutritional Stabilization
73 Drowning
74 Burn injuries
75 Cold Injuries
76 Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
77 Pediatric Pain Management

Part IX: Human Genetics

78 The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine
79 The Human Genome
80 Patterns of Genetic Transmission
81 Cytogenetics
82 Genetics of Common Disorders: Diagnosis and Management
83 Integration of Genetics into Pediatric Practice

Part X: Metabolic Diseases

84 An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
85 Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids
85.1 Phenylalanine
85.2 Tyrosine
85.3 Methionine
85.4 Cysteine/Cystine
85.5 Tryptophan
85.6 Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and Related Organic Acidemias
85.7 Glycine
85.8 Serine
85.9 Proline
85.1-0 Glutamic Acid
85.11 Urea Cycle and Hyperammonemia (Arginine, Citrulline, Ornithine)
85.12 Histidine
85.13 Lysine
85.14 Aspartic Acid (Canavan Disease)
86 Defects in Metabolism of Lipids
86.1 Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
86.2 Disorders of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids
86.3 Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport: Epidemiology of Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease
86.4 Lipidoses
86.5 Mucolipidoses
87 Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates
87.1 Glycogen Storage Diseases
87.2 Defects in Galactose Metabolism
87.3 Defects in Fructose Metabolism
87.4 Defects in Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism Associated with Lactic Acidosis
87.5 Defects in Pentose Metabolism
87.6 Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation and Structure
88 Mucopolysaccharidoses
89 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
90 Progeria
91 The Porphyrias
92 Hypoglycemia

Part XI: Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine


93 Overview of Mortality and Morbidity
94 The Newborn Infant
94.1 History in Neonatal Pediatrics
94.2 Physical Examination of the Newborn Infant
94.3 Routine Delivery Room Care
94.4 Nursery Care
94.5 Parent-Infant Bonding
95 High-Risk Pregnancies
96 The Fetus
96.1 Fetal Growth and Maturity
96.2 Fetal Distress
96.3 Maternal Disease and the Fetus
96.4 Maternal Medication and Toxin Exposure and the Fetus
96.5 Teratogens
96.6 Radiation
96.7 Intrauterine Diagnosis of Fetal Disease
96.8 Treatment and Prevention of Fetal Disease
97 The High-Risk Infant
97.1 Multiple Gestation Pregnancies
97.2 Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Retardation
97.3 Post-Term Infants
97.4 Large for Gestational Age
97.5 Infant Transport
98 Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period
99 Nervous System Disorders
99.1 The Cranium
99.2 Traumatic, Epidural, Subdural, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
99.3 Intracranial-Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Periventricular Leukomalacia
99.4 Brain Injury from Inflammation, Infection, and Medications
99.5 Hypoxia-Ischemia
99.6 Spine and Spinal Cord
99.7 Peripheral Nerve Injuries
100 Delivery Room Emergencies
101 Respiratory Tract Disorders
101.1 Transition to Pulmonary Respiration
101.2 Apnea
101.3 Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
101.4 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
101.5
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
101.6 Aspiration of Foreign Material (Fetal Aspiration Syndrome, Aspiration Pneumonia)
101.7 Meconium Aspiration
101.8 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (Persistent Fetal Circulation)
101.9 Diaphragmatic Hernia
101.10 Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
101.11 Paraesophageal Hernia
101.12 Eventration
101.13 Extrapulmonary Extravasation of Air (Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema)
101.14 Pulmonary Hemorrhage
102 Digestive System Disorders
102.1 Meconium Ileus in Cystic Fibrosis
102.2 Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
102.3 Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn
102.4 Kernicterus
103 Blood Disorders
103.1 Anemia in the Newborn Infant
103.2 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
103.3 Plethora in the Newborn Infant (Polycythemia)
103.4 Hemorrhage in the Newborn Infant
104 Genitourinary System
105 The Umbilicus
106 Metabolic Disturbances
106.1 Maternal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Neonatal Behavioral Syndromes
106.2 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
107 The Endocrine System
107.1 Infants of Diabetic Mothers
107.2 Hypoglycemia
108 Dysmorphology
109 Infections of the Neonatal Infant
109.1 Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
109.2 Modes of Transmission and Pathogenesis
109.3 Immunity
109.4 Etiology of Fetal and Neonatal Infection
109.5 Epidemiology of Early- and Late-Onset Neonatal Infections
109.6 Clinical Manifestations of Transplacental Intrauterine Infections
109.7 Diagnosis
109.8 Treatment
109.9
Complications and Prognosis
109.1'0 Prevention

Part XII: Adolescent Medicine

110 The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems
111 Delivery of Health Care to Adolescents
111.1 Legal Issues
111.2 Screening Procedures
111.3 Health Enhancement
112 Violent Behavior
113 Substance Abuse
113.1 Alcohol
113.2 Tobacco
113.3 Marijuana
113.4 Volatile Inhalants
113.5 Hallucinogens
113.6 Cocaine
113.7 Amphetamines
113.8 Opiates
113.9 Anabolic Steroids
114 The Breast
115 Menstrual Problems
115.1 Amenorrhea
115.2 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
115.3 Dysmenorrhea
115.4 Premenstrual Syndrome
116 Contraception
116.1 Barrier Methods
116.2 Spermicides
116.3 Combination Methods
116.4 Hormonal Methods
116.5 Emergency Contraception
116.6 Intrauterine Devices
117 Adolescent Pregnancy
118 Adolescent Rape
119 Sexually Transmitted Infections
120 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Part XIII: Immunology

Section 1: Evaluation of the Immune Systems

121 Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency
Section 2: The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems

122 T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells
123 Primary Defects of Antibody Production
123.1 Treatment of B-Cell Defects
124 Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity
125 Primary Combined Antibody and Cellular Immunodeficiencies
125.1 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
125.2 Combined Immunodeficiency (CID)
125.3 Defects of Innate Immunity
125.4 Treatment of Cellular or Combined Immunodeficiency
125.5 Immune Dysregulation with Autoimmunity or Lymphoproliferation
Section 3: The Phagocytic System

126 Neutrophils
127 Monocytes and Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
128 Eosinophils
129 Disorders of Phagocyte Function
130 Leukopenia
131 Leukocytosis
Section 4: The Complement System

132 The Complement System
133 Disorders of the Complement System
133.1 Evaluation of the Complement System
133.2 Genetic Deficiencies of Complement Components
133.3 Deficiencies of Plasma, Membrane, or Serosal Complement Control Proteins
133.4 Secondary Disorders of Complement
133.5 Treatment of Complement Disorders
Section 5:

134 Principles and Clinical Indications
135 HSCT from Alternative Sources and Donors
136 Graft vs Host Disease (GVHD) and Rejection
137 Infectious Complications of HSCT
138 Late Effects of HSCT

Part XIV: Allergy

139 Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease
140 Diagnosis of Allergic Disease
141 Principles of Treatment of Allergic Disease
142 Allergic Rhinitis
143 Childhood Asthma
144 Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
145 Insect Allergy
146 Ocular Allergies
147 Urticaria and Angioedema (Hives)
148 Anaphylaxis
149 Serum Sickness
150 Adverse Reactions to Foods
151 Adverse Reactions to Drugs

Part XV: Rheumatology

152 Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease
153 Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
154 Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
155 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthropathies
156 Reactive Arthritis
157 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
157.1 Neonatal Lupus
158 Juvenile Dermatomyositis
159 Scleroderma and Raynaud Syndrome
160 BehVet's Disease
161 Sjögren's Syndrome
162 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes
163 Amyloidosis
164 Sarcoidosis
165 Kawasaki Disease
166 Vasculitis Syndromes
166.1 Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
166.2 Takayasu Arteritis
166.3 Polyarteritis Nodosa
166.4 Wegener Granulomatosis
166.5 Other Vasculitic Syndromes
167 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
167.1 Fibromyalgia
167.2 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
167.3 Erythromelalgia
168 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis

Part XVI: Infectious Diseases

Section 1. General Considerations

169 Diagnostic Microbiology
Section 2. Preventive Measures (NEW)

170 (NEW) Immunization Practices
170.1
(NEW) International Immunization Practices
171 Infection Control and Prophylaxis
172 Childcare and Communicable Diseases
173 Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally
174 Fever
175 Fever Without a Focus
176 Sepsis, Septic Shock, and System Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
177 Infections in Immunocompromised Persons
178 Infections Associated with Medical Devices
Section 3. Antibiotic Therapy (NEW)

179 Principles of Antibacterial Therapy Section 4. Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections

180 Staphylococcus
180.1 Staphylococcus aureus
180.2 Toxic Shock Syndrome
180.3 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
181 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
182 Group A Streptococcus
182.1 Rheumatic Fever
183 Group B Streptococcus
184 Non—Group A or B Streptococcus
184 Enterococcus
186 Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
187 Listeria monocytogenes
188 Actinomyces
189 Nocardia
Section 5. Gram Negative Bacterial Infections

190 Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
191 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)
192 Haemophilus influenzae
193 Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
194 Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis)
195 Salmonella
195.1 Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis
195.2 Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever)
196 Shigella
197 Escherichia coli
198 Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
199 Campylobacter
200 Yersinia
200.1 Yersinia enterocolitica
200.2 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
200.3 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
201 Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
201.1 Aeromonas
201.2 Plesiomonas shigelloides
202 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
202.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
202.2 Burkholderia
202.3 Stenotrophomonas
203 Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
204 Brucella
205 Legionella
206 Bartonella
206.1 Bartonellosis (Bartonella bacilliformis)
206.2 Cat-Scratch Disease (Bartonella henselae)
206.3 Trench Fever (Bartonella quintana)
206.4 Bacillary Angiomatosis and Bacillary Peliosis Hepatis (Bartonellahenselae and Bartonella quintana)
Section 6: Anaerobic Bacterial Infections
207 Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
208 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
209 Pseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium difficile)
210 Other Anaerobic Infections
Section 7: Mycobacterial Infections

211 (NEW) Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy
212 Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
213 Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
214 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Section 8. Spirochectal Infections

215 Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
216 Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
216.1 Yaws (Treponema pertenue)
216.2 Bejel Endemic Syphilis (Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum)
216.3 Pinta (Treponema carateum)
217 Leptospira
218 Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)
219 Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
Section 9. Mycroplasmal Infections

220 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
221 Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma Genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum)
Section 10. Chlamydial Infections

222 Chlamydiophila pneumoniae
223 Chlamydia trachomatis
223.1 Trachoma
223.2 Genital Tract Infections
223.3 Conjunctivitis and Pneumonia in Newborns
223.4 Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
224 Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Section 11. Rickettsial Infections

225 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
225.1 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
225.2 Mediterranean Spotted Fever or Boutonneuse Fever (Rickettsia conorii)
225.3 Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari)
226 Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
227 Typhus Group Rickettsioses
227.1 Murine Typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
227.2 Epidemic Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii)
228 Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis
229 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Section 12. Fungal Infections

230 Principles of Antifungal Therapy
231 Candida
231.1 Neonatal Infections
231.2 Infections in Immunocompetent Children and Adolescents
231.3 Infections in Immunocompromised Children and Adolescents
231.4 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
232 Cryptococcus neoformans
233 Malassezia
234 Aspergillus
234.1 Hypersensitivity Syndromes
234.2 Saprophytic (Noninvasive) Syndromes
234.3 Invasive Disease
235 Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
236 Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis)
237 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis)
238 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
239 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
240 Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)
241 Pneumocystis carinii (P. jiveci)
Section 13. Viral Infections

242 Principles of Antiviral Therapy
243 Measles
244 Rubella
245 Mumps
246 Polioviruses
247 Nonpolio Enteroviruses
248 Parvovirus B19
249 Herpes Simplex Virus
250 Varicella-Zoster Virus
251 Epstein-Barr Virus
252 Cytomegalovirus
253 Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6, 7)
254 Human Herpesvirus 8
255 Influenza Viruses
256 Parainfluenza Viruses
257 Respiratory Syncytial Virus
258 Human Metapneumovirus
259 Adenoviruses
260 Rhinoviruses
261 Coronavirus
261.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-associated corona virus
262 Rotaviruses, Calicivirus, and Astrovirus (new title)
263 Human Papillomaviruses
264 Arboviral Encephalitis in North America
265 Arboviral Encephalitis Outside North America
265.1 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
265.2 Japanese Encephalitis
265.3 Tick-Borne Encephalitis
266 Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
267 Yellow Fever
268 Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
269 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV)
270 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
271 Rabies
272 Polyomaviruses (JC virus and BK Virus)
273 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
274 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses Types I and II
275 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Section 14. Antiparasitic Therapy (NEW)276 Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy
Section 15. Protozoan Diseases

277 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
278 Amebiasis
279 Giardiasis and Balantidiasis
279.1 Giardia lamblia
279.2 Balantidiasis
280 Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia
281 Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
282 Leishmaniasis (Leishmania)
283 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma brucei complex)
284 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma cruzi)
285 Malaria (Plasmodium)
286 Babesiosis (Babesia)
287 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
Section 16. Helminthic Diseases

288 Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)
289 Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma)
289.1 Cutaneous Larva Migrans
290 Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichuria)
291 Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis)
292 Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
293 Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, B. timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti)
294 Other Tissue Nematodes
295 Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)
296 Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis)
297 Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)
298 Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)
299 Adult Tapeworm Infections
300 Cysticercosis
301 Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis)

Part XVII: The Digestive System

Section 1. Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disease

302 Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena
303 Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders
Section 2. The Oral Cavity

304 Development and Developmental Anomalies of the teeth
305 Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated with Other Conditions
306 Malocclusion
307 Cleft Lip and Palate
308 Syndromes with Oral Manifestations
309 Dental Caries
310 Periodontal Diseases
311 Dental Trauma
312 Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues
313 Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws
314 Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment
Section 3. The Esophagus

315 Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus
315.1 Common Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Aids
316 Congenital Anomalies: Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
316.1 Congenital Anomalies: Laryngotracheoesophageal Clefts
317 Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus
318 Dysmotility
319 Hiatal Hernia
320 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
320.1 Complications of GERD
321 Non-GERD Esophagitis
322 Esophageal Perforation
323 Esophageal Varices
324 Ingestions
324.1 Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus
324.2 Caustic Ingestions
Section 4. Stomach and Intestines

325 Normal Development, Structure, and Function
326 Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach
326.1 Hypertropic Pyloric Stenosis
326.2 Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction
326.3 Gastric Duplication
326.4 Gastric Volvulus
326.5 Hypertrophic Gastropathy
327 Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation
327.1 Duodenal Obstruction
327.2 Jejunal and Ileal Atresia and Obstruction
327.3 Malrotation
328 Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct
328.1 Intestinal Duplication
328.2 Meckel Diverticulum and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct
329 Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease
329.1 Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
329.2 Functional Constipation
329.3 Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease)
329.4 Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia
329.5 Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome, Wilkie Syndrome, Cast Syndrome, Arteriomesenteric Duodenal Compression Syndrome
330 Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions
330.1 Ileus
330.2 Adhesions
330.3 Intussusception
330.4 Closed-Loop Obstructions
331 Foreign Bodies and Bezoars
331.1 Foreign Bodies in the Stomach and Intestine
331.2 Bezoars
332 Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children
332.1 Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
333 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
333.1 Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
333.2 Crohn Disease (Regional Enteritis, Regional lleitis, Granulomatous Colitis)
333.3 Behçet Syndrome
334 Food Allergy (Food Hypersensitivity)
334.1 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
335 Disorders of Malabsorption
335.1 Evaluation of Children with Suspected Intestinal Malabsorption
335.2 Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac Disease)
335.3 Other Malabsorptive Sydromes
335.4 Intestinal Infections Associated with Malabsorption
335.5 Immunodeficiency Disorders
335.6 Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease
335.7 Short Bowel Syndrome
335.8 Chronic Malnutrition
335.9 Enzyme Deficiencies
335.1-0 Liver and Biliary Disorders Causing Malabsorption
335.11 Defects of Absorption or Transport
336 Intestinal Transplantation in Children
337 Acute Gastroenteritis in Children (new)
337.1 Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disorders (new)
338 Chronic Diarrhea
338.1 Diarrhea from Hormone-Secreting Tumors
339 Recurrent Abdominal Pain of Childhood
340 Acute Appendicitis
341 Surgical Conditions of the Anus, Rectum, and Colon
341.1 Anorectal Malformations
341.2 Anal Fissure
341.3 Perianal Abscess and Fistula
341.4 Hemorrhoids
341.5 Rectal Prolapse
341.6 Pilonidal Sinus and Abscess
342 Tumors of the Digestive Tract
343 Inguinal Hernias
Section 5. Exocrine Pancreas

344 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology
344.1 Anatomic Abnormalities
344.2 Physiology
345 Pancreatic Function Tests
346 Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
347 Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency
348 Pancreatitis
348.1 Acute Pancreatitis
348.2 Chronic Pancreatitis
349 Pseudocyst of the Pancreas
350 Pancreatic Tumors
Section 6. The Liver and Biliary System

351 Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System
352 Manifestations of Liver Disease
352.1 Evaluation of Patients with Possible Liver Dysfunction
353 Cholestasis
353.1 Neonatal Cholestasis
353.2 Cholestasis in the Older Child
354 Metabolic Diseases of the Liver
354.1 Inherited Deficient Conjugation of Bilirubin (Familial Nonhemolytic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia)
354.2 Wilson Disease
354.3 Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
354.4 Neonatal Iron Storage Disease (NISD)
354.5 Miscellaneous Metabolic Diseases of the Liver
355 Viral Hepatitis
356 Liver Abscess
357 Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders
358 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
359 Autoimmune and Chronic Hepatitis
360 Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
361 Fulminant Hepatic Failure
362 Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver
363 Diseases of the Gallbladder
364 Portal Hypertension and Varices
365 Liver Transplantation
Section 7. Peritoneum

366 Malformations
367 Ascites
367.1 Chylous Ascites
368 Peritonitis
368.1 Acute Primary Peritonitis
368.2 Acute Secondary Peritonitis
368.3 Acute Secondary Localized Peritonitis (Peritoneal Abscess)
369 Epigastric Hernia
369.1 Incisional Hernia

Part XVIII: Respiratory System

Section 1. Development and Function

370 Respiratory Pathophysiology and Regulation
370.1 Lung Volumes and Capacities in Health and Disease
370.2 Chest Wall
370.3 Pulmonary Mechanics and Work of Breathing in Health and Disease
370.4 Airway Dynamics in Health and Disease
370.5 Interpretation of Clinical Signs to Localize the Site of Pathology
370.6 Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) Relationship in Health and Disease
370.7 Gas Exchange in Health and Disease
370.8 Interpretation of Blood Gases
370.9 Pulmonary Vasculature in Health and Disease
370.1-0 Immune Response of the Lung to Injury
370.11 Regulation of Respiration
371 Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease
372 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Section 2. Disorders of the Respiratory Tract

373 Congenital Disorders of the Nose
374 Acquired Disorders of the Nose
374.1 Foreign Body
374.2 Epistaxis
375 Nasal Polyps
376 The Common Cold
377 Sinusitis
378 Acute Pharyngitis
379 Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess
380 Tonsils and Adenoids
381 Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
382 Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial Tracheitis)
382.1 Infectious Upper Airway Obstruction
382.2 Bacterial Tracheitis
383 Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
383.1
Laryngomalacia
383.2 Congenital Subglottic Stenosis
383.3 Vocal Cord Paralysis
383.4 Congenital Laryngeal Webs and Atresia
383.5 Congenital Subglottic Hemangioma
383.6 Laryngoceles and Saccular Cysts
383.7 Posterior Laryngeal Cleft (PLC) and Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft (LTEC)
383.8 Vascular and Cardiac Anomalies
383.9 Tracheal Stenoses, Webs, and Atresia
383.1-0 Foregut Cysts
383.11 Tracheomalacia and Bronchomalacia
384 Foreign Bodies of the Airway
384.1 Laryngeal Foreign Bodies
384.2 Tracheal Foreign Bodies
384.3 Bronchial Foreign Bodies
385 Laryngotracheal Stenosis, Subglottic Stenosis
385.1 Congenital Subglottic Stenosis
385.2 Acquired Laryngotracheal Stenosis
386 Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia
387 Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
387.1 Vocal Nodules
387.2 Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP)
387.3 Congenital Subglottic Hemangioma
387.4 Vascular Anomalies
387.5 Other Laryngeal Neoplasms
387.6 Tracheal Neoplasms
387.7 Bronchial Tumors
388 Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis
388.1 Wheezing in Infants and Bronchiolotis
388.2 Bronchitis
389 Emphysema and Overinflation
390 α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema
391 Other Distal Airway Diseases
391.1 Bronciolitis Obliterans
391.2 Follicular Bronchitis
391.3 Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis
392 Congenital Disorders of the Lung
392.1 Pulmonary Agenesis and Aplasia
392.2 Pulmonary Hypoplasia
392.3 Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
392.4
Pulmonary Sequestration
392.5 Bronchogenic Cysts
392.6 Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia
392.7
Lung Hernia
392.8 Other Congenital Malformations of the Lung
393 Pulmonary Edema
394 Aspiration Syndromes
395 Chronic Recurrent Aspiration
396 Parenchymal Disease with Prominent Hypersensitivity, Eosinophilic Infiltration, or Toxin-Mediated Injury
396.1 Hypersensitivity to Inhaled Materials
396.2 Silo Filler Disease
396.3 Paraquat Lung
396.4 Eosinophilic Lung Disease (Formerly Löffler Syndrome)
397 Pneumonia
398 Bronchiectasis
399 Pulmonary Abscess
400 Cystic Fibrosis
401 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome)
402 Interstitial Lung Diseases
403 Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
404 Inherited Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism
405 Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
406 Pulmonary Hemorrhage, Embolism, and Infarction
406.1 Pulmonary Embolus and Infarction
406.2 Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Hemoptysis
407 Atelectasis
408 Pulmonary Tumors
409 Pleurisy
409.1 Dry or Plastic Pleurisy
409.2 Serofibrinous Pleurisy
409.3 Purulent Pleurisy or Empyema
410 Pneumothorax
411 Pneumomediastinum
412 Hydrothorax
413 Hemothorax
414 Chylothorax
415 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
416 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function
416.1 Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest)
416.2 Pectus Carinatum and Sternal Clefts
416.3 Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy (Thoracic-Pelvic-Phalangeal Dystrophy)
416.4 Achondroplasia
416.5 Kyphoscoliosis: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Congential Scoliosis
416.6 Congenital Rib Anomalies
417 Neuromuscular Diseases with Pulmonary Consequences
418 Extrapulmonary Diseases with Pulmonary Manifestations
419 Chronic Severe Respiratory Insufficiency

Part XIX: The Cardiovascular System

Section 1. Developmental Biology of the Cardiovascular System

420 Cardiac Development
420.1 Early Cardiac Morphogenesis
420.2 Cardiac Looping
420.3 Cardiac Septation
420.4 Aortic Arch Development
420.5 Cardiac Differentiation
420.6 Developmental Changes in Cardiac Function
421 The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition
421.1 The Fetal Circulation
421.2 The Transitional Circulation
421.3 The Neonatal Circulation
421.4 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Neonate (Persistence of Fetal Circulatory Pathways)
421.5 The Influence of Fetal Environmental Factors on Adult Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease
Section 2. Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System

422 History and Physical Examination
423 Laboratory Evaluation
423.1 Radiologic Assessment
423.2 Electrocardiography
423.3 Hematologic Data
423.4 Echocardiography
423.5 Exercise Testing
423.6 MRI, MRA, CT, and Radionuclide Studies
423.7 Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization
Section 3. Congenital Heart Diseases

424 Epidemiology of Congenital Heart Disease
425 Evaluation of the Infant or Child with Congenital Heart Disease
426 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions
426.1 Atrial Septal Defect
426.2 Ostium Secundum Defect
426.3 Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect
426.4 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
426.5 Atrioventricular Septal Defects (Ostium Primum and Atrioventricular Canal or Endocardial Cushion Defects)
426.6 Ventricular Septal Defect
426.7 Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect with Aortic Insufficiency
426.8 Patent Ductus Arteriosus
426.9 Aorticopulmonary Window Defect
426.1-0 Coronary-Arteriovenous Fistula (Coronary-Cameral Fistula)
426.11 Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
427 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Obstructive Lesions
427.1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum
427.2 Infundibular Pulmonary Stenosis and Double-Chamber Right Ventricle
427.3 Pulmonary Stenosis in Combination with an Intracardiac Shunt
427.4 Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis
427.5 Aortic Stenosis
427.6 Coarctation of the Aorta
427.7 Coarctation with Ventricular Septal Defect
427.8 Coarctation with Other Cardiac Anomalies and Interrupted Aortic Arch
427.9 Congenital Mitral Stenosis
427.1-0 Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
428 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Regurgitant Lesions
428.1 Pulmonary Valvular Insufficiency and Congenital Absence of the Pulmonary Valve
428.2 Congenital Mitral Insufficiency
428.3 Mitral Valve Prolapse
428.4 Tricuspid Regurgitation
429 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of the Critically Ill Neonate with Cyanosis and Respiratory Distress
430 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Lesions Associated with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
430.1 Tetralogy of Fallot
430.2 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia
430.3 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum
430.4 Tricuspid Atresia
430.5 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle with Pulmonary Stenosis
430.6 Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect and Pulmonary Stenosis
430.7 Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve
431 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
431.1 d-Transposition of the Great Arteries
431.2 d-Transposition of the Great Arteries with Intact Ventricular Septum
431.3 Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect
431.4 l-Transposition of the Great Arteries (Corrected Transposition)
431.5 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Without Pulmonary Stenosis
431.6 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle with Transposition of the Great Arteries (Taussig-Bing Anomaly)
431.7 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
431.8 Truncus Arteriosus
431.9 Single Ventricle (Double-Inlet Ventricle, Univentricular Heart)
431.10 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
431.11 Abnormal Positions of the Heart and the Heterotaxy Syndromes (Asplenia, Polysplenia)
432 Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations
432.1 Anomalies of the Aortic Arch
432.2 Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries
432.3 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula
432.4 Ectopia Cordis
432.5 Diverticulum of the Left Ventricle
433 Pulmonary Hypertension
433.1 Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
433.2 Pulmonary Vascular Disease (Eisenmenger Syndrome)
434 General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease
434.1 The Adult with Congenital Heart Disease
Section 4. Cardiac Arrhythmias

435 Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart
435.1 Principles of Antiarrhythmic Therapy
435.2 Sinus Arrhythmias and Extrasystoles
435.3 Supraventricular Tachycardia
435.4 Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
435.5 Long Q-T Syndrome
435.6 Sinus Node Dysfunction
435.7 AV Block
436 Sudden Death
Section 5. Acquired Heart Disease

437 Infective Endocarditis
438 Rheumatic Heart Disease
Section 6. Diseases of the Myocardium and Pericardium

439 Diseases of the Myocardium
439.1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy
439.2 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
439.3 Restrictive Cardiomyopathies
439.4 Myocarditis
439.5 Nonviral Causes of Myocarditis
439.6 Endocardial Fibroelastosis
440 Diseases of the Pericardium
440.1 Acute Pericarditis
440.2 Constrictive Pericarditis
441 Tumors of the Heart
Section 7. Cardiac Therapeutics (Heart Failure and End-Stage Cardiac Disease)

442 Heart Failure
442.1 Cardiogenic Shock
443 Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
443.1 Pediatric Heart Transplantation
443.2 Heart-Lung and Lung Transplantation
Section 8. Diseases of the Peripheral Vascular System

444 Disease of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas)
444.1 Kawasaki Disease (see also Ch 165)
444.2 Arteriovenous Fistulas
445 Systemic Hypertension

Part XX: Disease of the Blood

Section 1. The Hematopoietic System

446 Development of the Hematopoietic System
447 The Anemias
Section 2. Anemias of Inadequate Production

448 Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia )
449 Pearson Marrow-Pancreas Syndrome
450 Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemias
451 Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) and Renal Disease
451.1 Anemia of Chronic Disease
451.2 Anemia of Renal Disease
452 Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias (CDA)
453 Physiologic Anemia of Infancy
454 Megaloblastic Anemias
454.1 Folic Acid Deficiency
454.2 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
454.3 Other Rare Megaloblastic Anemias
455 Iron-Deficiency Anemia
456 Other Microcytic Anemias
Section 3. Hemolytic Anemias

457 Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
458 Hereditary Spherocytosis
459 Hereditary Elliptocytosis
460 Hereditary Stomatocytosis
461 Other Membrane Defects
462 Hemoglobinopathies
462.1 Sickle Cell Disease
462.2 Sickle Cell Trait (Hemoglobin AS)
462.3 Other Hemoglobinopathies
462.4 Unstable Hemoglobin Disorders
462.5 Abnormal Hemoglobins with Increased Oxygen Affinity
462.6 Abnormal Hemoglobins Causing Cyanosis
462.7 Hereditary Methemoglobinemia
462.8 Syndromes of Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH)
462.9 Thalassemia Syndromes
463 Enzymatic Defects
463.1 Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency
463.2 Other Glycolytic Enzyme Deficiencies
463.3 Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) and Related Deficiencies
464 Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular Factors
465 Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular Factors
Section 4. Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)
466 Primary Polycythemia (Polycythemia Rubra Vara)
467 Secondary Polycythemia
Section 5. The Pancytopenias

468 The Constitutional Pancytopenias
469 The Acquired Pancytopenias
Section 6. Risks of Blood Component Transfusions

470 Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin Therapy
471 Platelet Transfusions
472 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions
473 Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusions
474 Risks of Blood Transfusions
Section 7. Hemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases

475 Hemostasis
475.1 The Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostasis
476 Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders)
476.1 Factor VIII or Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia A or B)
476.2
Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia C)
476.3 Deficiencies of the Contact Factors (Non-bleeding Disorders)
476.4 Factor VII Deficiency
476.5 Factor X Deficiency
476.6 Prothrombin (Factor II) Deficiency
476.7 Factor V Deficiency
476.8 Combined Deficiency of Factors V and VIII
476.9 Fibrinogen Deficiency
476.10
Factor XIII Deficiency (Fibrin-Stabilizing Factor or Transglutaminase Deficiency)
476.11 Antiplasmin or Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI) Deficiency
477 von Willebrand Disease
478 Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis
479 Acquired Thrombotic Disorders
480 Post-Neonatal Vitamin K Deficiency
481 Liver Disease
482 Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation
483 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
484 Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders
484.1 Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
484.2 Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia
484.3 Nonimmune Platelet Destruction
484.4 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
484.5 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
484.6 Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome
484.7 Sequestration
484.8 Congenital Thrombocytopenic Syndromes
484.9 Neonatal Thrombocytopenia
484.10
Thrombocytopenia Due to Acquired Disorders Causing Decreased Production
484.11 Platelet Function Disorders
484.12 Acquired Disorders of Platelet Function
484.13 Congenital Abnormalities of Platelet Function
484.14 Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Section 8. The Spleen

485 Anatomy and Function of the Spleen
486 Splenomegaly
487 Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy
Section 9. The Lymphatic System

488 Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System
489 Abnormalities of Lymphatic vessels
490 Lymphadenopathy

Part XXI: Cancer and Benign Tumors

491 Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer
492 Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer
493 Principles of Diagnosis
494 Principles of Treatment
495 The Leukemias
495.1 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
495.2 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
495.3 Down Syndrome and Acute Leukemia and Myeloproliferation
495.4 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
495.5 Juvenile Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
495.6 Infant Leukemia
496 Lymphoma
496.1 Hodgkin's Disease
496.2 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
497 Brain Tumors in Childhood
498 Neuroblastoma
499 Neoplasms of the Kidney
500 Soft Tissue Sarcomas
501 Neoplasms of Bone
501.1 Malignant Tumors of Bone
501.2 Benign Tumors and Tumor-like Processes of Bone
502 Retinoblastoma
503 Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms
504 Neoplasms of the Liver
505 Benign Vascular Tumors
505.1 Hemangiomas
505.2 Lymphangiomas and Cystic Hygromas
506 Rare Tumors
506.1 Thyroid Tumors
506.2 Melanoma
506.3 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
506.4 Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum
506.5 Adrenocortical Carcinoma
506.6 Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
507 Histiocytosis Syndromes of Childhood
507.1 Class I Histiocytoses
507.2 Class II Histiocytoses: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
507.3 Class III Histiocytoses

Part XXII: Nephrology

Section 1. Glomerular Disease

508 Introduction to Glomerular Diseases
508.1 Anatomy of the Glomerulus
508.2 Glomerular Filtration
508.3 Glomerular Diseases
Section 2. Conditions Particularly Associated with Hematuria

509 Clinical Evaluation of the Child with Hematuria
510 Isolated Glomerular Disease with Recurrent Gross Hematuria
510.1 IgA Nephropathy (Berger Nephropathy)
510.2 Alport Syndrome
510.3 Thin Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
511 Glomerulonephritis Associated with Infections
511.1 Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
511.2 Other Chronic Infections
512 Membranous Glomerulopathy (Glomerulonephritis)
513 Membranoproliferative (Mesangiocapillary) Glomerulonephritis
514 Glomerulonephritis Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
515 Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis
516 Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis
517 Goodpasture Disease
518 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
519 Upper Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria
519.1 Interstitial Nephritis
519.2 Toxic Nephropathy
519.3 Cortical Necrosis
519.4 Pyelonephritis
519.5 Nephrocalcinosis
519.6 Vascular Abnormalities
519.7 Renal Vein Thrombosis
519.8 Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
520 Hematologic Diseases Causing Hematuria
520.1 Sickle Cell Nephropathy
520.2 Coagulopathies and Thrombocytopenia
521 Anatomic Abnormalities Associated with Hematuria
521.1 Congenital Anomalies
521.2 Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
521.3 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
521.4 Trauma
521.5 Renal Tumors
522 Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria 522.1 Infectious Causes of Cystitis and Urethritis
522.2 Hemorrhagic Cystitis
522.3 Heavy Exercise
522.4 Munchhausen by Proxy
Section 3. Conditions Particularly Associated with Proteinuria

523 Introduction to the Child with Proteinuria
524 Transient Proteinuria
525 Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria
526 Fixed Proteinuria
526.1 Glomerular Proteinuria
526.2 Tubular Proteinuria
527 Nephrotic Syndrome
527.1 Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
587.2 Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome
527.3 Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
Section 4. Tubular Disorders

528 Tubular Function
529 Renal Tubular Acidosis
529.1 Proximal (Type II) Renal Tubular Acidosis
529.2 Distal (Type I) Renal Tubular Acidosis
529.3 Hyperkalemic (Type IV) Renal Tubular Acidosis
529.4 Rickets Associated with Renal Tubular Acidosis
530 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
531 Bartter/Gitelman Syndromes and Other Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities
531.1 Bartter Syndrome
531.2 Gitelman Syndrome
531.3 Other Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities
532 Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Section 5. Toxic Nephropathies: Renal Failure

533 Toxic Nephropathy
534 Cortical Necrosis
535 Renal Failure (Chap Head only; not chapter)
535.1 Acute Renal Failure
535.2 Chronic Kidney Disease
535.3 End-Stage Renal Disease
536 Renal Transplantation

Part XXIII: Urologic Disorders in Infants and Children

537 Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys
538 Urinary Tract Infections
539 Vesicoureteral Reflux
540 Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
541 Anomalies of the Bladder
542 Neuropathic Bladder
543 Voiding Dysfunction
544 Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra
545 Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents
546 Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
547 Urinary Lithiasis

Part XXIV: Gynecologic Problems of Childhood

548 History and Physical Examination
549 Vulvovaginitis
550 Bleeding
551 Breast Disorders
552 Hirsutism
553 Neoplasms
554 Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
555 Special Gynecologic Needs
556 Gynecologic Imaging

Part XXV: The Endocrine System

Section 1. Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

557 Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
558 Hypopituitarism
559 Diabetes Insipidus
559.1 Causes of Hypernatremia
560 Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and Action
561 Hyperpituitarism
562 Physiology of Puberty
563 Disorders of Pubertal Development
563.1 Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty
563.2 Precocious Puberty Resulting from Organic Brain Lesions
563.3 Precocious Puberty Following Irradiation of the Brain
563.4 Syndrome of Precocious Puberty and Hypothyroidism
563.5 Gonadotropin-Secreting Tumors
563.6 McCune-Albright Syndrome (Precocious Puberty with Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia and Abnormal Pigmentation)
563.7 Familial Male Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty
563.8 Incomplete (Partial) Precocious Development
563.9 Medicational Precocity
Section 2. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
564 Thyroid Development and Physiology
564.1 Thyroid Hormone Studies
565 Defects of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
566 Hypothyroidism
567 Thyroiditis
568 Goiter
568.1 Congenital Goiter
568.2 Endemic Goiter and Cretinism
568.3 Acquired Goiter
568.4 Intratracheal Goiter
569 Hyperthyroidism
569.1 Graves Disease
569.2 Congenital Hyperthyroidism
570 Carcinoma of the Thyroid
570.1 Solitary Thyroid Nodule
570.2 Medullary Carcinoma
Section 3. Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands

571 Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism
572 Hypoparathyroidism
573 Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
574 Hyperparathyroidism
Section 4 Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
575 The Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
575.1 Histology and Embryology
575.2 Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis
575.3 Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex
575.4 Adrenal Steroid Hormone Actions
575.5 Adrenal Medulla
576 Adrenocortical Insufficiency
576.1 Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
576.2 Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
577 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Related Disorders
577.1 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
577.2 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency
577.3 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 3β-Hydroxysteriod Dehydrogenase Deficiency
577.4 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 17-Hydroxylase Deficiency
577.5 Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia
577.6 Deficiency of P5450 oxioreductase (Antley-Bixler Syndrome)
577.7 Aldosterone Synthase Deficiency
577.8 Glucocorticoid-Suppressible Hyperaldosteronism
578 Cushing Syndrome
579 Primary Aldosteronism
580 Adrenal Tumors
580.1 Virilizing Adrenocortical Tumors
580.2 Feminizing Adrenal Tumors
581 Pheochromocytoma
582 Adrenal Masses
582.1 Adrenal Incidentaloma
582.2 Adrenal Calcification
Section 5. Disorders of the Gonads

583 Development and Function of the Gonads
584 Hypofunction of the Testes
584.1 Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Male (Primary Hypogonadism)
584.2 Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Male (Secondary Hypogonadism)
585 Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes
586 Gynecomastia
587 Hypofunction of the Ovaries
587.1 Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Female (Primary Hypogonadism)
587.2 Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Female (Secondary Hypogonadism)
588 Pseudoprecocity Due to Lesions of the Ovary
589 Disorders of Sex Development (Intersex)
589.1
46,XX DSD
589.2
46,XY DSD
589.3 Ovotesticular DSD
Section 6. Diabetes Mellitus In Children

590 Diabetes Mellitus
590.1 Introduction and Classification
590.2 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Immune Mediated)
590.3 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
590.4 Other Specific Types of Diabetes

Part XXVI: Neurology


591 Neurologic Evaluation
592 Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System
592.1 Neural Tube Defects (Dysraphism)
592.2 Spina Bifida Occulta
592.3 Meningocele
592.4 Myelomeningocele
592.5 Encephalocele
592.6 Anencephaly
592.7 Disorders of Neuronal Migration
592.8 Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
592.9 Agenesis of the Cranial Nerves
592.10 Microcephaly
592.11 Hydrocephalus
592.12 Craniosynostosis
593 Seizures in Childhood
593.1 Febrile Seizures
593.2 Unprovoked Seizures
593.3 Partial Seizures
593.4 Generalized Seizures
593.5 Mechanisms of Seizures
593.6 Treatment of Epilepsy
593.7 Neonatal Seizures
593.8 Status Epilepticus
594 Conditions that Mimic Seizures
595 Headaches
595.1 Migraine
595.2 Organic Headaches
595.3 Tension or Stress Headaches
596 Neurocutaneous Syndromes
596.1 Neurofibromatosis
596.2 Tuberous Sclerosis
596.3 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
596.4 Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
596.5 Linear Nevus Syndrome
596.6 PHACE Syndrome
597 Movement Disorders
597.1 Ataxias
597.2 Chorea, Athetosis, Tremor
597.3 Dystonia
597.4 Tics
598 Encephalopathies
598.1 Cerebral Palsy
598.2 Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
598.3 Other Encephalopathies
599 Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood
599.1 Sphingolipidoses
599.2 Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses
599.3 Adrenoleukodystrophy
599.4 Sialidosis
599.5 Miscellaneous Disorders
600 Demyelinating Disorders of the CNS
600.1 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
600.2 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
601 Acute Stroke Syndromes
601.1 Arterial Thrombosis/Embolism
601.2 Venous Thrombosis
601.3 Intracranial Hemorrhage
601.4 Differential Diagnosis of Stroke-Like Events
602 Central Nervous System Infections
602.1 Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period
602.2 Viral Meningoencephalitis
602.3 Eosinophilic Meningitis
603 Brain Abscess
604 Pseudotumor Cerebri
605 Spinal Cord Disorders
605.1 Tethered Cord
605.2 Diastematomyelia (Split Spinal Cord Malformation)
605.3 Syringomyelia
605.4 Spinal Cord Tumors
605.5 Spinal Cord Trauma
605.6 Transverse Myelitis
605.7 Arteriovenous Malformation

Part XXVII: Neuromuscular Disorders

606 Evaluation and Investigation
607 Developmental Disorders of Muscle
607.1 Myotubular Myopathy
607.2 Congenital Muscle Fiber-Type Disproportion (CMFTD)
607.3 Nemaline Rod Myopathy
607.4 Central Core Disease and Minicore Myopathy
607.5 Myofibrillar Myopathies
607.6 Brain Malformations and Muscle Development
607.7 Amyoplasia
607.8 Muscular Dysgenesis (Proteus Syndrome Myopathy)
607.9 Benign Congenital Hypotonia
607.1'0 Arthrogryposis
608 Muscular Dystrophies
608.1 Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies
608.2 Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy
608.3 Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy
608.4 Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
608.5 Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
608.6 Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
609 Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies
610 Metabolic Myopathies
610.1 Periodic Paralyses (Potassium-Related)
610.2 Malignant Hyperthermia
610.3 Glycogenoses
610.4 Mitochondrial Myopathies
610.5 Lipid Myopathies
610.6 Vitamin E Deficiency Myopathy
611 Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission and of Motor Neurons)
611.1 Myasthenia Gravis
611.2 Spinal Muscular Atrophies
611.3 Other Motor Neuron Disorders
612 Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathi
612.1 Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, HMSN Type I)
612.2 Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (Axonal Type)
612.3 Déjerine-Sottas Disease (HMSN Type III)
612.4 Roussy-Lévy Syndrome
612.5 Refsum Disease
612.6 Fabry Disease
612.7 Giant Axonal Neuropathy
612.8 Congenital Hypomyelinating Neuropathy
612.9 Tomaculous Neuropathy
612.10 Leukodystrophies
613 Toxic Neuropathies
614 Autonomic Neuropathies
614.1 Familial Dysautonomia
614.2 Other Autonomic Neuropathies
615 Guillain-Barré Syndrome
616 Bell Palsy

Part XXVIII: Disorders of the Eye

617 Growth and Development
618 Examination of the Eye
619 Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation
620 Disorders of Vision
621 Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris
622 Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment
623 Abnormalities of the Lids
624 Disorders of the Lacrimal System
625 Disorders of the Conjunctiva
626 Abnormalities of the Cornea
627 Abnormalities of the Lens
628 Disorders of the Uveal Tract
629 Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous
630 Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve
631 Childhood Glaucoma
632 Orbital Abnormalities
633 Orbital Infections
633.1 Orbital Cellulitis
633.2 Dacroadenitis and Dacrocystadenitis
634 Injuries to the Eye

Part XXIX: The Ear

635 The Ear
636 Hearing Loss
637 Congenital Malformations
638 External Otitis (Otitis Externa)
639 Otitis Media
640 The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth
641 Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone
642 Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone

Part XXX: The Skin

643 Morphology of the Skin
644 Evaluation of the Patient
644.1 Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
645 Principles of Therapy
646 Diseases of the Neonate
647 Cutaneous Defects
648 Ectodermal Dysplasias
649 Vascular Disorders
650 Cutaneous Nevi
651 Hyperpigmented Lesions
652 Hypopigmented Lesions
653 Vesiculobullous Disorders
654 Eczematous Disorders
655 Photosensitivity
656 Diseases of the Epidermis
657 Disorders of Keratinization
658 Diseases of the Dermis
659 Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue
660 Disorders of the Sweat Glands
661 Disorders of Hair
662 Disorders of the Nails
663 Disorders of the Mucous Membranes
664 Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
665 Cutaneous Fungal Infections
666 Cutaneous Viral Infections
667 Arthropod Bites and Infestations
668 Acne
669 Tumors of the Skin
670 Nutritional Dermatoses

Part XXXI: Bone and Joint Disorders

Section 1. Orthopaedic Problems

671 Growth and Development
672 Evaluation of the Child
673 The Foot and Toes
673.1 Metatarsus Adductus
673.2 Calcaneovalgus Feet
673.3 Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)
673.4 Congenital Vertical Talus
673.5 Hypermobile Pes Planus (Flexible Flatfeet)
673.6 Tarsal Coalition
673.7 Cavus Feet
673.8 Osteochondroses
673.9 Puncture Wounds of the Foot
673.10 Toe Deformities
673.11 Painful Foot
673.12 Shoes
674 Torsional and Angular Deformities
674.1 Normal Developmental of Limb
674.2 Evaluation
674.3 Torsional Deformities
674.4 Coronal Plane Deformities
674.5 Congenital Angular Deformities of the Tibia and Fibula
675 Leg Length Discrepancy
676 The Knee
676.1 Discoid Lateral Meniscus
676.2 Popliteal Cyst
676.3 Osteochondritis Dissecans
676.4 Osgood-Schlatter Disease
676.5 Idiopathic Adolescent Anterior Knee Pain Syndrome
676.6 Patellar Subluxation and Dislocation
677 The Hip
677.1 Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
677.2 Transient Monoarticularsynovitis (Toxic Synovitis)
677.3 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
677.4 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
678 The Spine
678.1 Idiopathic Scoliosis
678.2 Congenital Scoliosis
678.3 Neuromuscular Scoliosis, Genetic Syndromes, and Compensatory Scoliosis
678.4 Kyphosis
678.5 Back Pain in Children
678.6 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
678.7 Disk Space Infection
678.8 Intervertebral Disk Herniation/Slipped Vertebral Apophysis
678.9 Tumors
679 The Neck
679.1 Torticollis
679.2 Klippel-Feil Syndrome
679.3 Cervical Anomalies and Instabilities
680 The Upper Limb
681 Arthrogryposis
682 Common Fractures
682.1 Unique Characteristics of Pediatric Fractures
682.2 Pediatric Fracture Patterns
682.3 Upper Extremity Fractures
682.4 Fractures of Lower Extremity
682.5 Operative Treatment
682.6 Complications of Fractures in Children
682.7 Outcomes Assessment
683 Osteomyelitis (new title)
684 Supperative Arthritis (Septic Arthritis)
Section 2. Sports Medicine

685 Epidemiology and Prevention
686 Management of Musculoskeletal Injury
686.1 Growth Plate Injuries
686.2 Shoulder Injuries
686.3 Elbow Injuries
686.4 Low Back Injuries
686.5 Hip and Pelvis Injuries
686.6 Knee Injuries
686.7 Lower Leg Pain: Shin Splints and Stress Fractures and Chronic Compartment Syndrome
686.8 Ankle Injuries
686.9 Foot Injuries
687 Head and Neck Injuries
688 Heat Injuries
689 Female Athletes: Menstrual Problems and Risk for Osteopenia
690 Ergogenic Aids
691 Specific Sports and Associated Injuries
Section 3. The Skeletal Dysplasias

692 General Considerations
693 Disorders of Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins
694 Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors
695 Disorders Involving Ion Transporter
696 Disorders Involving Transcription Factors
697 Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption
698 Disorders for Which Defects Are Poorly Understood or Unknown
699 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
700 Marfan Syndrome
Section 4. Metabolic Bone Disease

701 Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation
702 Primary Chondrodystrophy (Metaphyseal Dysplasia)
703 Hypophosphatasia
704 Hyperphosphatasia
705 Osteoporosis

Part XXXII: Environmental Health Hazards

706 Biologic Effects of Radiation on Children
707 Chemical Pollutants
708 Heavy Metal Poisoning
709 Lead Poisoning
710 Nonbacterial Food Poisoning
710.1 Mushroom Poisoning
710.2 Solanine Poisoning
710.3 Seafood Poisoning
711 Biologic and Chemical Terrorism
712 Animal and Human Bites
712.1 Rat-Bite Fever
712.2 Monkeypox
713 Envenomations

PART XXXIII: Laboratory Medicine

714 Laboratory Testing in Infants and Children
715 Reference Ranges for Laboratory Tests and Procedures
716 Medications