| Acknowledgments | |
| Introduction: Natural Law and the Theory of Practical Rationality | 1 |
| 1 | The Real Identity Thesis | 6 |
| 1.1 | Rival Views of How Goods Are Known | 6 |
| 1.2 | Functioning and Flourishing | 21 |
| 1.3 | Knowledge of Human Flourishing | 34 |
| 1.4 | The Real Identity Thesis | 40 |
| 2 | Well-Being | 46 |
| 2.1 | Natural Law Theory as Welfarist and Objectivist | 46 |
| 2.2 | The Refutation of Conceptual Subjectivism | 48 |
| 2.3 | The Simple Desire-Fulfillment Theory as the Best Version of Strong Subjectivism | 50 |
| 2.4 | The Refutation of Strong Subjectivism | 71 |
| 2.5 | The Refutation of Weak Subjectivism | 76 |
| 2.6 | 'Objective List' Theories | 94 |
| 3 | The Reasons That Make Action Intelligible | 96 |
| 3.1 | The List of Goods | 96 |
| 3.2 | Pleasure and Pain | 96 |
| 3.3 | The Basic Goods | 100 |
| 3.4 | Inner Peace, Happiness, and the Hybrid View of the Nature of Well-Being | 135 |
| 3.5 | The Real Identity Thesis Revisited | 137 |
| 4 | Welfarism and Its Discontents | 139 |
| 4.1 | Welfarism in the Theory of Practical Rationality | 139 |
| 4.2 | Welfarism Does Not Imply Egoism | 140 |
| 4.3 | Welfarism Does Not Imply a Maximizing Theory of Rationality | 142 |
| 4.4 | Welfarism Does Not Imply Promotionism | 147 |
| 5 | The Principles That Make Choice Reasonable | 157 |
| 5.1 | A Justificatory Framework for Principles of Practical Reasonableness | 157 |
| 5.2 | Egoism, Consequentialism, Kantianism | 162 |
| 5.3 | The Nature of Reasons for Action | 172 |
| 5.4 | A Note on Hierarchy among the Basic Goods | 190 |
| 5.5 | Principles of Practical Reasonableness Governing Plans of Action | 198 |
| 5.6 | Principles of Practical Reasonableness Governing Agents | 208 |
| 5.7 | Virtue Theory | 212 |
| 6 | What Ought to Be Done | 220 |
| 6.1 | 'Ought' | 220 |
| 6.2 | The Moral 'Ought' | 222 |
| 6.3 | How Practical Reason Can Err | 228 |
| 6.4 | Moral Dilemmas | 240 |
| 6.5 | Positive Norms, Life Plans, and the Partial Constitution Thesis | 246 |
| 6.6 | Normative Openness and Natural Law Theories of Authority | 252 |
| Notes | 255 |
| Works Cited | 271 |
| Index | 279 |
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