| 1 | Life Begins with Cells | 1 |
| 1.1 | The Diversity and Commonality of Cells | 1 |
| 1.2 | The Molecules of a Cell | 8 |
| 1.3 | The Work of Cells | 13 |
| 1.4 | Investigating Cells and Their Parts | 19 |
| 1.5 | A Genome Perspective on Evolution | 26 |
| 2 | Chemical Foundations | 29 |
| 2.1 | Atomic Bonds and Molecular Interactions | 30 |
| 2.2 | Chemical Building Blocks of Cells | 37 |
| 2.3 | Chemical Equilibrium | 46 |
| 2.4 | Biochemical Energetics | 50 |
| 3 | Protein Structure and Function | 59 |
| 3.1 | Hierarchical Structure of Proteins | 60 |
| 3.2 | Folding, Modification, and Degradation of Proteins | 68 |
| 3.3 | Enzymes and the Chemical Work of Cells | 73 |
| 3.4 | Molecular Motors and the Mechanical Work of Cells | 79 |
| 3.5 | Common Mechanisms for Regulating Protein Function | 82 |
| 3.6 | Purifying, Detecting, and Characterizing Proteins | 86 |
| 4 | Basic Molecular Genetic Mechanisms | 101 |
| 4.1 | Structure of Nucleic Acids | 102 |
| 4.2 | Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes and Formation of Functional mRNA | 108 |
| 4.3 | Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes | 115 |
| 4.4 | The Three Roles of RNA in Translation | 119 |
| 4.5 | Stepwise Synthesis of Proteins on Ribosomes | 125 |
| 4.6 | DNA Replication | 131 |
| 4.7 | Viruses: Parasites of the Cellular Genetic System | 137 |
| 5 | Biomembranes and Cell Architecture | 147 |
| 5.1 | Biomembranes: Lipid Composition and Structural Organization | 149 |
| 5.2 | Biomembranes: Protein Components and Basic Functions | 157 |
| 5.3 | Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell | 165 |
| 5.4 | The Cytoskeleton: Components and Structural Functions | 173 |
| 5.5 | Purification of Cells and Their Parts | 178 |
| 5.6 | Visualizing Cell Architecture | 184 |
| 6 | Integrating Cells into Tissues | 197 |
| 6.1 | Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Adhesion: An Overview | 199 |
| 6.2 | Sheetlike Epithelial Tissues: Junctions and Adhesion Molecules | 201 |
| 6.3 | The Extracellular Matrix of Epithelial Sheets | 209 |
| 6.4 | The Extracellular Matrix of Nonepithelial Tissues | 216 |
| 6.5 | Adhesive Interactions and Nonepithelial Cells | 223 |
| 6.6 | Plant Tissues | 231 |
| 6.7 | Growth and Use of Cultured Cells | 235 |
| 7 | Transport of Ions and Small Molecules Across Cell Membranes | 245 |
| 7.1 | Overview of Membrane Transport | 246 |
| 7.2 | ATP-Powered Pumps and the Intracellular Ionic Environment | 252 |
| 7.3 | Nongated Ion Channels and the Resting Membrane Potential | 260 |
| 7.4 | Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters | 268 |
| 7.5 | Movement of Water | 271 |
| 7.6 | Transepithelial Transport | 274 |
| 7.7 | Voltage-Gated Ion Channels and the Propagation of Action Potentials in Nerve Cells | 276 |
| 7.8 | Neurotransmitters and Receptor and Transport Proteins in Signal Transmission at Synapses | 287 |
| 8 | Cellular Energetics | 301 |
| 8.1 | Oxidation of Glucose and Fatty Acids to CO[subscript 2] | 304 |
| 8.2 | Electron Transport and Generation of the Proton-Motive Force | 315 |
| 8.3 | Harnessing the Proton-Motive Force for Energy-Requiring Processes | 325 |
| 8.4 | Photosynthetic Stages and Light-Absorbing Pigments | 331 |
| 8.5 | Molecular Analysis of Photosystems | 336 |
| 8.6 | CO[subscript 2] Metabolism During Photosynthesis | 342 |
| 9 | Molecular Genetic Techniques and Genomics | 351 |
| 9.1 | Genetic Analysis of Mutations to Identify and Study Genes | 352 |
| 9.2 | DNA Cloning by Recombinant DNA Methods | 361 |
| 9.3 | Characterizing and Using Cloned DNA Fragments | 371 |
| 9.4 | Genomics: Genome-wide Analysis of Gene Structure and Expression | 380 |
| 9.5 | Inactivating the Function of Specific Genes in Eukaryotes | 387 |
| 9.6 | Identifying and Locating Human Disease Genes | 394 |
| 10 | Molecular Structure of Genes and Chromosomes | 405 |
| 10.1 | Molecular Definition of a Gene | 406 |
| 10.2 | Chromosomal Organization of Genes and Noncoding DNA | 408 |
| 10.3 | Mobile DNA | 414 |
| 10.4 | Structural Organization of Eukaryotic Chromosomes | 424 |
| 10.5 | Morphology and Functional Elements of Eukaryotic Chromosomes | 430 |
| 10.6 | Organelle DNAs | 438 |
| 11 | Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression | 447 |
| 11.1 | Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Control and RNA Polymerases | 448 |
| 11.2 | Regulatory Sequences in Protein-Coding Genes | 454 |
| 11.3 | Activators and Repressors of Transcription | 458 |
| 11.4 | Transcription Initiation by RNA Polymerase II | 469 |
| 11.5 | Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Activation and Repression | 471 |
| 11.6 | Regulation of Transcription-Factor Activity | 481 |
| 11.7 | Regulated Elongation and Termination of Transcription | 485 |
| 11.8 | Other Eukaryotic Transcription Systems | 486 |
| 12 | Post-transcriptional Gene Control and Nuclear Transport | 493 |
| 12.1 | Processing of Eukaryotic Pre-mRNA | 493 |
| 12.2 | Regulation of Pre-mRNA Processing | 504 |
| 12.3 | Macromolecular Transport Across the Nuclear Envelope | 509 |
| 12.4 | Cytoplasmic Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Control | 518 |
| 12.5 | Processing of rRNA and tRNA | 525 |
| 13 | Signaling at the Cell Surface | 533 |
| 13.1 | Signaling Molecules and Cell-Surface Receptors | 534 |
| 13.2 | Intracellular Signal Transduction | 541 |
| 13.3 | G Protein-Coupled Receptors That Activate or Inhibit Adenylyl Cyclase | 545 |
| 13.4 | G Protein-Coupled Receptors That Regulate Ion Channels | 555 |
| 13.5 | G Protein-Coupled Receptors That Activate Phospholipase C | 561 |
| 13.6 | Activation of Gene Transcription by G Protein-Coupled Receptors | 565 |
| 14 | Signaling Pathways That Control Gene Activity | 571 |
| 14.1 | TGF[beta] Receptors and the Direct Activation on Smads | 574 |
| 14.2 | Cytokine Receptors and the JAK-STAT Pathway | 578 |
| 14.3 | Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Activation of Ras | 587 |
| 14.4 | MAP Kinase Pathways | 592 |
| 14.5 | Phosphoinositides as Signal Transducers | 598 |
| 14.6 | Pathways That Involve Signal-Induced Protein Cleavage | 601 |
| 14.7 | Down-Modulation of Receptor Signaling | 605 |
| 15 | Integration of Signals and Gene Controls | 611 |
| 15.1 | Experimental Approaches for Building a Comprehensive View of Signal-Induced Responses | 612 |
| 15.2 | Responses of Cells to Environmental Influences | 617 |
| 15.3 | Control of Cell Fates by Graded Amounts of Regulators | 621 |
| 15.4 | Boundary Creation by Different Combinations of Transcription Factors | 632 |
| 15.5 | Boundary Creation by Extracellular Signals | 639 |
| 15.6 | Reciprocal Induction and Lateral Inhibition | 644 |
| 15.7 | Integrating and Controlling Signals | 648 |
| 16 | Moving Proteins into Membranes and Organelles | 657 |
| 16.1 | Translocation of Secretory Proteins Across the ER Membrane | 659 |
| 16.2 | Insertion of Proteins into the ER Membrane | 666 |
| 16.3 | Protein Modifications, Folding, and Quality Control in the ER | 673 |
| 16.4 | Export of Bacterial Proteins | 680 |
| 16.5 | Sorting of Proteins to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts | 683 |
| 16.6 | Sorting of Peroxisomal Proteins | 693 |
| 17 | Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis | 701 |
| 17.1 | Techniques for Studying the Secretory Pathway | 703 |
| 17.2 | Molecular Mechanisms of Vesicular Traffic | 707 |
| 17.3 | Early Stages of the Secretory Pathway | 715 |
| 17.4 | Later Stages of the Secretory Pathway | 719 |
| 17.5 | Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and the Sorting of Internalized Proteins | 727 |
| 17.6 | Synaptic Vesicle Function and Formation | 735 |
| 18 | Metabolism and Movement of Lipids | 743 |
| 18.1 | Phospholipids and Sphingolipids: Synthesis and Intracellular Movement | 745 |
| 18.2 | Cholesterol: A Multifunctional Membrane Lipid | 750 |
| 18.3 | Lipid Movement into and out of Cells | 754 |
| 18.4 | Feedback Regulation of Cellular Lipid Metabolism | 763 |
| 18.5 | The Cell Biology of Atherosclerosis, Heart Attacks, and Strokes | 767 |
| 19 | Microfilaments and Intermediate Filaments | 779 |
| 19.1 | Actin Structures | 780 |
| 19.2 | The Dynamics of Actin Assembly | 784 |
| 19.3 | Myosin-Powered Cell Movements | 791 |
| 19.4 | Cell Locomotion | 800 |
| 19.5 | Intermediate Filaments | 805 |
| 20 | Microtubules | 817 |
| 20.1 | Microtubule Organization and Dynamics | 818 |
| 20.2 | Kinesin- and Dynein-Powered Movements | 829 |
| 20.3 | Microtubule Dynamics and Motor Proteins in Mitosis | 838 |
| 21 | Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | 853 |
| 21.1 | Overview of the Cell Cycle and Its Control | 854 |
| 21.2 | Biochemical Studies with Oocytes, Eggs, and Early Embryos | 858 |
| 21.3 | Genetic Studies with S. pombe | 864 |
| 21.4 | Molecular Mechanisms for Regulating Mitotic Events | 868 |
| 21.5 | Genetic Studies with S. cerevisiae | 874 |
| 21.6 | Cell-Cycle Control in Mammalian Cells | 881 |
| 21.7 | Checkpoints in Cell-Cycle Regulation | 886 |
| 21.8 | Meiosis: A Special Type of Cell Division | 890 |
| 22 | Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death | 899 |
| 22.1 | The Birth of Cells | 900 |
| 22.2 | Cell-Type Specification in Yeast | 910 |
| 22.3 | Specification and Differentiation of Muscle | 913 |
| 22.4 | Regulation of Asymmetric Cell Division | 919 |
| 22.5 | Cell Death and Its Regulation | 924 |
| 23 | Cancer | 935 |
| 23.1 | Tumor Cells and the Onset of Cancer | 936 |
| 23.2 | The Genetic Basis of Cancer | 943 |
| 23.3 | Oncogenic Mutations in Growth-Promoting Proteins | 951 |
| 23.4 | Mutations Causing Loss of Growth-Inhibiting and Cell-Cycle Controls | 956 |
| 23.5 | The Role of Carcinogens and DNA Repair in Cancer | 961 |
| Glossary | |
| Index | |