Preface
Medical Uncertainties
Uncertainties in Health and Disease Uncertainties in Medical Research Uncertainties in Health Planning and Evaluation Management of Uncertainties: About This Book
Basics of Medical Studies
Study Protocol Types of Medical Studies Data Collection Nonsampling Errors and Other Biases
Sampling Methods
Sampling Concepts Common Methods of Random Sampling Some Other Methods of Sampling Some Examples of Sample Surveys
Designs for Observational Studies
Prospective Studies Retrospective Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Comparative Performance of Prospective, Retrospective, and Cross-Sectional Studies
Medical Experiments
Basic Features of Medical Experiments Design of Experiments Choice and Sampling of Units for Laboratory Experiments
Clinical Trials
Therapeutic Trials Issues in Clinical Trials Trials Other Than for Therapeutics
Numerical Methods for Representing Variation
Types of Measurement Tabular Presentation Rates and Ratios Central and Other Locations Measuring Variability
Presentation of Variation by Figures
Graphs for Frequency Distribution Pie, Bar, and Line Diagrams Special Diagrams in Health and Medicine Charts and Maps
Some Quantitative Aspects of Medicine
Some Epidemiological Measures of Health and Disease Reference Values Measurement of Uncertainty: Probability Validity of Medical Tests
Clinimetrics and Evidence-Based Medicine
Indicators, Indexes, and Scores Clinimetrics Evidence-Based Medicine
Measurement of Community Health
Indicators of Mortality Measures of Morbidity Indicators of Social and Mental Health Composite Indexes of Health
Confidence Intervals, Principles of Tests of Significance, and Sample Size
Sampling Distributions Confidence Intervals
P-Values and Statistical Significance An Initial Debate on Statistical Significance Sample Size Determination in Some Cases
Inference from Proportions
One Qualitative Variable Proportions in 2 × 2 Tables Analysis of R × C Tables (Large n)
Three-Way Tables
Relative Risk and Odds Ratio
Relative and Attributable Risks (Large n)
Odds Ratio Stratified Analysis and Sample Size
Inference from Means
Comparison of Means in One and Two Groups (Gaussian Conditions): Student’s t-Test Comparison of Means in Three or More Groups (Gaussian Conditions): ANOVA F-Test Non-Gaussian Conditions: Nonparametric Tests for Location When Significant Is Not Significant
Relationships: Quantitative Data
Some General Features of a Regression Setup Linear Regression Models Some Issues in Regression Measuring the Strength of a Quantitative Relationship Assessment of Agreement
Relationships: Qualitative Dependent
Binary Dependent: Logistic Regression (Large n)
Inference from Logistic Coefficients Issues in Logistic Regression Some Models for Qualitative Data Strength of Relationship in Quantitative Variables
Survival Analysis
Life Expectancy Analysis of Survival Data Issues in Survival Analysis
Simultaneous Consideration of Several Variables
Scope of Multivariate Methods Dependent and Independent Sets of Variables Identification of Structure in the Observations
Quality Considerations
Statistical Quality Control in Medical Care Quality of Measurements Quality of Statistical Models: Robustness Quality of Data
Statistical Fallacies
Problems with the Sample Errors in Presentation of Findings Inadequate Analysis Misinterpretation
Appendix 1: Statistical Software
General Purpose Statistical Software Special Purpose Statistical Software
Appendix 2: Some Statistical Tables
Index
References appear at the end of each chapter.