The Barnes & Noble Review
Few presidents in U.S. history have pushed the limits of executive power, especially in the realm of national security, as far as has George W. Bush. But if President Bush has been criticized for using the crisis of war as a pretext for an unconstitutional "power grab," another president was equally subject to such criticisms: Abraham Lincoln.
War has always required an enhanced role for the commander-in-chief. Decisions must often be made quickly, and in secrecy, to match the urgency of fast-moving national emergencies. Yet unlike that of the ancient Romans, our system of government is not suspended in wartime, nor are dictatorial powers granted. Power is -- theoretically -- shared among the executive, the Congress and the courts. In practice, however, U.S. presidents are given wide latitude in wartime to protect the nation, and oversight becomes, as recent events have demonstrated, problematic.
Lincoln was by many accounts the greatest wartime president in U.S. history. Now legal historian Brian McGinty lucidly explores how Lincoln exercised his constitutional powers to meet the national crisis, and reviews how the Supreme Court interpreted the legality of Lincoln's wartime measures. Lincoln & The Court clearly illuminates the challenges of judicial oversight in wartime.
Decisions of the Supreme Court may be difficult to enforce while war rages, notes McGinty, especially when they contradict a wartime leader's policies. Back in 1814, a federal judge in New Orleans ruled against General Andrew Jackson's suspension of habeas corpus rights. General Jackson not only ignored the judge's ruling but had the judge thrown in jail. When a federal district attorney demanded that the imprisoned judge be released, Jackson tossed the D.A. in jail, too.
Lincoln, like Jackson, heard himself called a dictator more than once. Lincoln's constitutional "war powers" were tested before the Supreme Court several times, and McGinty meticulously not only describes these legal rulings but relates the factual background of each case, while painting detailed portraits of the Supreme Court justices who examined Lincoln's actions. The towering judicial figure of the era, who passionately opposed Lincoln, was Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney.
Taney had grown up on a Maryland plantation that had slaves, and he was pro-slavery. Taney's infamous decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, issued in 1857, attempted to resolve the constitutional questions surrounding slavery but only served to exacerbate them. Taney's decision declared all African-Americans "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect." Moreover, Taney held that slaveowners had constitutionally protected property rights in their slaves, which were enforceable wherever the slaves might be.
This leads to McGinty's description of how Lincoln, as a brilliant young lawyer and politician, staked his political future on a passionate opposition to Taney and the Dred Scott decision. When Lincoln ran against Senator Stephen Douglas in Illinois, Lincoln pointed out that Taney's decision made any political compromise over slavery impossible. Under Taney's logic, Lincoln declared, slavery went from being a Southern institution to a national institution. Although Lincoln lost to Douglas, he again assaulted Dred Scott during his 1860 run for the presidency. Lincoln's most forceful response to Dred Scott was during his famous Cooper Union speech, which proved to be a milestone on his path to victory.
When the Civil War broke out in the spring of 1861, Lincoln faced Roger Taney again. After rioting broke out in deeply divided Baltimore, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and authorized his generals to make arrests and hold suspected rebels without charges. John Merryman was arrested by Union military authorities on suspicion of sabotaging railroads. Merryman's lawyer went to the federal circuit court in Baltimore seeking a writ of habeas corpus, and the request was received by Taney. He issued the writ demanding that Merryman be released and brought before a civilian court.
Taney's action began a tense standoff between the commander-in-chief and the federal courts. When Taney's writ was delivered to Fort McHenry, where Merryman was jailed, the commanding general refused it, citing President Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus. Taney was livid and blasted Lincoln in Ex Parte Merryman. Taney's decision "was emphatic in concluding that the president...had no power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus," and asserted that only Congress could do so, writes McGinty. Lincoln refused to obey Taney's decision, asserting his sworn obligation to defend the nation: "[A]re all the laws, but one, to go unexecuted, and the government itself go to pieces, lest that one be violated?"
In the Prize Cases of 1863, the Supreme Court would uphold Lincoln's decision to order a naval blockade of the South, even though Congress had not declared war. With the octogenarian Taney too ill to participate, the Court's decision supported Lincoln's response to the wartime emergency: "The President was bound to meet it [the war] in the shape it presented itself, without waiting for Congress to baptize it with a name."
In 1864's Ex Parte Vallandigham, the Court again deferred to presidential power, refusing to overturn a military court's conviction of an outspoken opponent of the president, former Ohio congressman Clement Vallandigham, who had condemned the draft and Lincoln's "dictatorship." By denying it had jurisdiction over military tribunals, the Supreme Court evaded major constitutional issues like free speech in wartime, the requirements of a fair trial, and the limits of political dissent. McGinty rightly explains that the Court was extremely hesitant to second-guess presidential powers in the midst of war. Only after the war was over and Lincoln had been assassinated did the Supreme Court assert oversight of military tribunals. In 1866, Ex Parte Milligan held that such tribunals could not try civilians if civilian courts were open.
In the book's final chapter, McGinty examines the impact of these Civil War–era opinions. He praises Lincoln for his profound understanding that his war powers were strictly limited to the duration of the war. Welcome here would have been an exploration of how President Bush's concept of a "Global War on Terror" brings the use of presidential war powers into perpetuity. McGinty never explores how an open-ended war like today's might make presidential war powers permanent, forever changing the constitutional balance of powers. Lincoln & The Court offers readers a thoroughly researched and compelling analysis of Lincoln's war powers, yet one wishes the author had been bold enough to speculate further about how we might best grapple with these issues today. --Chuck Leddy
Chuck Leddy is a former attorney and current member of the National Book Critics Circle. He writes frequently about American History and the Civil War and contributes regularly to The Boston Globe, Civil War Times, and American History. He is also contributing editor for The Writer magazine.
From the Publisher
In a meticulously researched and engagingly written narrative, Brian McGinty rescues the story of Abraham Lincoln and the Supreme Court from long and undeserved neglect, recounting the compelling history of the Civil War president's relations with the nation's highest tribunal and the role it played in resolving the agonizing issues raised by the conflict.
Lincoln was, more than any other president in the nation's history, a "lawyerly" president, the veteran of thousands of courtroom battles, where victories were won, not by raw strength or superior numbers, but by appeals to reason, citations of precedent, and invocations of justice. He brought his nearly twenty-five years of experience as a practicing lawyer to bear on his presidential duties to nominate Supreme Court justices, preside over a major reorganization of the federal court system, and respond to Supreme Court decisions—some of which gravely threatened the Union cause.
The Civil War was, on one level, a struggle between competing visions of constitutional law, represented on the one side by Lincoln's insistence that the United States was a permanent Union of one people united by a "supreme law," and on the other by Jefferson Davis's argument that the United States was a compact of sovereign states whose legal ties could be dissolved at any time and for any reason, subject only to the judgment of the dissolving states that the cause for dissolution was sufficient. Alternately opposed and supported by the justices of the Supreme Court, Lincoln steered the war-torn nation on a sometimes uncertain, but ultimately triumphant, path to victory, saving the Union, freeing the slaves, and preserving theConstitution for future generations.
Publishers Weekly
McGinty (The Oatman Massacre: A Tale of Desert Captivity and Survival) offers a lucid review of the major Civil War Supreme Court cases. The Civil War, as McGinty explains, was a struggle over constitutional interpretation: did Lincoln have the constitutional authority to do whatever he thought necessary to compel seceding states back to the Union? He thought so, but Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney sometimes stood in his way. The first major clash was over Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus, which Taney declared unconstitutional in the 1861 Merryman case. In 1862 came another battle, the Prize cases, regarding the constitutionality of Lincoln's declaring a blockade of Confederate ports. The Court also heard cases about whether a Union citizen could criticize a president during wartime and whether the Treasury Department could regulate trade between a Union state and the Confederacy. McGinty says that the Court "could have struck down the president's major war measures" but "chose not to do so." The author covers some of the same territory as James Simon's 2006 Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney, and at times one wishes for more rigorous, subtle analysis of the meaning of the Court's role in the Civil War. Still, McGinty's engaging account, which treats a topic with obvious parallels to the present, will delight history buffs. 16 b&w illus. (Feb.)
Copyright 2007 Reed Business Information
Charles Lane
-
Washington Post
[A] fascinating book...The issue of presidential power in wartime is as fresh as today's headlines.
Margaret Heilbrun
-
Library Journal
It's not easy to find Lincoln territory where good, open grazing land remains, but McGinty has found it. Combining expertise as an attorney and historian with a style that welcomes readers, he gives us Lincoln the lawyer-president who worked with a Supreme Court to which he ultimately appointed five members. The Civil War brought forth numerous legal conflicts, and McGinty shows that the personalities and issues involved were as vital and fascinating as those we are more familiar with on the military side. Highly recommended.
School Library Journal
McGinty (The Oatman Massacre: A Tale of Desert Captivity and Survival) offers a lucid review of the major Civil War Supreme Court cases. The Civil War, as McGinty explains, was a struggle over constitutional interpretation: did Lincoln have the constitutional authority to do whatever he thought necessary to compel seceding states back to the Union? He thought so, but Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney sometimes stood in his way. The first major clash was over Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus, which Taney declared unconstitutional in the 1861 Merryman case. In 1862 came another battle, the Prize cases, regarding the constitutionality of Lincoln's declaring a blockade of Confederate ports. The Court also heard cases about whether a Union citizen could criticize a president during wartime and whether the Treasury Department could regulate trade between a Union state and the Confederacy. McGinty says that the Court "could have struck down the president's major war measures" but "chose not to do so." The author covers some of the same territory as James Simon's 2006 Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney, and at times one wishes for more rigorous, subtle analysis of the meaning of the Court's role in the Civil War. Still, McGinty's engaging account, which treats a topic with obvious parallels to the present, will delight history buffs. 16 b&w illus. (Feb.)
Copyright 2007 Reed Business Information
loading...