Table of Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition xi
Introducing Linguistic Anthropology 1
Anthropology, Linguistics, and Linguistic Anthropology 3
Linguistics Contrasted with Linguistic Anthropology 5
The Fieldwork Component 5
Participant Observation 8
The Beginnings of Modern Linguistic Anthropology 14
Modern Myths Concerning Languages 15
Sapir on Linguistic and Cultural Complexity 18
Summary and Conclusions 21
Communication and Speech 23
Communication and Its Channels 24
Communication Among Social Insects 26
Communication Among Nonhuman Primates and Other Vertebrates 29
Design Features of Language 33
Language Acquisition 37
Chomsky on Language Acquisition 40
Language and the Brain 44
Summary and Conclusions 46
The Human Brain and Language Acquisition 47
Language and Culture 49
The Stimulus of Sapir's Writings 50
The Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism 52
How Words Affect Behavior 53
Language, Culture, and Worldview: ARelationship Reconsidered 56
Classifying Interaction Through Language 66
Ethnoscience 69
Carroll on Linguistic Relativity 70
Summary and Conclusions 74
The Structure of Language: Phonology 77
The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech 79
Articulation of Speech Sounds 82
Acrobatics of Speaking 87
Prosodic Features 87
From Phones to Phonemes 89
Phonemes of English 92
Comparative Phonology 94
Etics and Emics 94
Summary and Conclusions 97
Structure of Words and Sentences 99
Morphemes and Allomorphs 100
Why English Is So Hard 103
Morphological Processes 105
Morphophonemics 107
Syntax: The Sentence Patterns 108
Semantics 112
Transformational-Generative Grammar 115
Summary and Conclusions 117
Contrasting the Descriptive and Generative Approaches 118
Language Origins 121
Early Theories 122
When Does a Communication System Become Language? 123
Milestones in Human Evolution 124
Blending and Duality of Patterning 128
Hockett on Blending 129
Monogenesis Versus Polygenesis 130
Estimating the Age of Language: Linguistic Considerations 132
Estimating the Age of Language: View from Cultural Prehistory 133
Evidence from Anatomy 135
The Gestural Theory of Language Origin 138
Summary and Conclusions 139
Language Through Time 141
Language Changes: English a Thousand Years Ago 141
Internal and External Changes 144
How and Why Sound Changes Occur 147
Reconstructing Pro to languages 150
Reconstructing the Ancestral Homeland 153
Reconstructing a Protoculture 157
Siebert on the Original Home of the Proto-Algonquian People 158
Trying to Date the Past: Glottochronology 160
Linguistic Inferences About Early Bantu History 161
Time Perspective in Culture 164
How Languages Are Classified 166
Summary and Conclusions 170
Language Variation 173
Idiolects, Dialects, and Styles 175
Multilingualism, Diglossia, and Code-switching 178
Pidgins 184
From Pidgins to Creoles 186
The World of Languages 189
Creolization of Tok Pisin 190
Endangered Languages and Language Death 191
Summary and Conclusions 194
Language in Its Social Context 197
Taboo Words, Politeness, and Deference 198
Forms of Address and Greeting 202
Linguistic Etiquette of the Javanese People 207
Linguistic Variation in a Plural Society 208
Sociolinguistic Change 211
Summary and Conclusions 214
Language, Gender, Ethnicity, and Class 217
Speech and Gender: An Introduction 217
Speech and Gender in American Society 219
Talking Like a Lady 221
Speech and Gender in Native America and Elsewhere 223
Sexual Bias in Language 227
What Does the Word Man Mean? 228
Speech and Ethnicity ("Race"): An Introduction 229
African-American English: Its Use and Characteristics 230
How African-American English Came About 233
African-American English: Myths and Facts 235
African-American English in Action: A Fifteen-Year-Old Speaks 238
Language, Castes, Classes, and Politics 239
Summary and Conclusions 242
Ethnography of Communication 243
Speech Community and Related Concepts 244
Units of Speech Behavior 246
Components of Communication 247
Participants and Setting 247
Purpose, Channels, Codes, and Message Content and Form 249
Genres, Key, Rules of Interaction, and Norms of Interpretation 251
Subanun Drinking Talk 255
Attitudes Toward the Use of Speech 256
Festive Drinking and Talking Among the Subanun 257
Language Ideology 260
Recent Trends in the Ethnography of Speaking 262
Summary and Conclusions 263
Nonverbal Communication, Writing, and Spoken Art 265
Paralinguistics, Kinesics, and Proxemics 266
Hall on Proxemics in a Cross-Cultural Context 270
Whistle and Drum "Languages," 271
Sign Languages 273
The Origins of Writing 277
Types of Writing Systems 278
Ethnography of Writing 282
The Value of Traditional Oral Folklore 284
Collecting and Classifying Traditional Narratives 285
Oral Folklore: The Functional Approach 288
In Search of Structure 290
Oral Folklore as Performance 293
Trickster as Mediator 294
The Verbal Artist Among the Yoruba 296
Studies of Discourse 298
Creative Use of Language 299
The Language of Ilongot Oratory 302
Rapping and Men-of-Words 302
Summary and Conclusions 304
Linguistic Anthropology in the Contemporary World 307
Intercultural Communication 308
Communication Problems Between English Speakers and Athabaskans 311
Applications in Legal Proceedings 312
Language Planning 317
Language Maintenance and Reinforcement 319
Plans for the Revitalization of Keres 323
What Linguistic Anthropologists Helped Accomplish 324
Ethical Questions and Standards of Conduct 325
Summary and Conclusions 327
Resource Manual and Study Guide 329
Answers to Objective Study Questions 365
Answers to Problems (Chapters 4, 5, and 7) 367
Glossary 371
Bibliography 381
Languages Mentioned in the Text and Their Locations (map) 403
Index 407
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