Taxonomic Considerations and Evolution of the Invertebrates.
Exercise 1. The Protozoans.
A. Flagellated Protozoans. B. Opalinid Protozoans. C. Ameboid Protozoans. D. Spore-forming Protozoans. E. Ciliate Protozoans. Worksheet 1 (Protozoa).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: THE METAZOA.
Exercise 2. Phylum Porifera.
Worksheet 2 (Porifera).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: RADIATA.
Exercise 3. Cnidaria.
A. Class Hydrozoa. B. Class Scyphozoa. D. Class Anthozoa. D. Fossil Cnidarians.
Exercise 4. Phylum Ctenophora.
Worksheet 3 (Cnidaria & Ctenophora).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: ACOELOMATE BILATERIA.
Exercise 5. Phylum Platyhelminthes.
A. Class Turbellaria. B. Class Trematooda. C. Class Monogenea. D. Class Cestoda.
Exercise 6. Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela).
Worksheet 4 (Platyhelminthes & Nemertea).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: “PSEUDOCOELOMATE” PHYLA.
Exercise 7. Phylum Gastrotricha.Exercise 8. Phylum Rotifera.Exercise 9. Phylum Acanthocephala.
Worksheet 5 (Gastrotricha, Rotifera, Acanthocephala).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: PHYLUM MOLLUSCA.
Exercise 10. Phylum Mollusca.
A. Class Polyplacophora. B. Class Gastropoda. C. Class Bivalvia. D. Class Cephalopoda. Worksheet 6 (Mollusca).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: PHYLUM ANNELIDA.
Exercise 11. Phylum Annelida.
A. Class Polychaeta. B. Class Oligochaeta. C. Class Hirudinea. Worksheet 7 (Annelida).
Phylogenetic Synopsis:ARTHROPODOUS PHYLA.
Exercise 12. Phylum Nematoda.Exercise 13. Phylum Nematomorpha.
Worksheet 8 (Nematoda & Nematomorpha).
Exercise 14. Phylum Onychophora.Exercise 15. Phylum Tardigrada.
Worksheet 9 (Onychophora & Tardigrada).
Exercise 16. Phylum Arthropoda.
A. Subphylum Trilobita. B. Subphylum Chelicerata. C. Subphylum Crustacea. D. Subphylum Uniramia. Class Insecta (Hexapoda). Myriapodous Arthropods. Worksheet 10 (Arthropoda).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: OTHER PROTOSTOME PHYLA.
Exercise 17. Phylum Sipuncula (Sipunculida).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: THE LOPHOPHORATES.
Exercise 18. Phylum Phoronida.Exercise 19. Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta).Exercise 20. Phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta).Exercise 21. Phylum Brachiopoda.
Worksheet 11 (Lophophorates).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: DEUTEROSTOME PHYLA.
Exercise 22. Phylum Echinodermata.
A. Class Asteroidea. B. Class Ophiuroidea. C. Class Echinoidea. D. Class Holothuroidea. E. Class Crinoidea. Worksheet 12 (Echinodermata).
Exercise 23. Phylum Chaetognatha.Exercise 24. Phylum Hemichordata.
Worksheet 13 (Chaetognatha & Hemichordata).
Phylogenetic Synopsis: PHYLUM CHORDATA.
Exercise 25. Phylum Chordata.
A. Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata). B. Subphylum Cephalochordata.
Worksheet 14 (Chordata).
General References.Index.
Invertebrate zoology is an enormous field. About 96% of all animal species lack backbones, but this assessment may be too conservative. Recent estimates suggest that 10 million insect species in the Amazonian forests have yet to be described. If this prediction is true, the numerical dominance of invertebrate species will be approximately 99%. Nevertheless, humans seem preoccupied with organisms possessing vertebral columns, especially if an animal resembles, in any way, one of those cuddly toys made for young children. Invertebrates, on the other hand, are often viewed with disgust, evoking unwarranted fears and horrific screams of terror when encountered in a disused corner of a basement, in a half-eaten apple, or crawling on one's body. We do not mean to imply that invertebrates do not cause human suffering or seriously damage agricultural products. They do, and it is for these, reasons and because as a group the invertebrates possess such diverse and rich biologies that they are worthy of intensive study.
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