Introduction to Global Health by Jacobsen Kathryn H.

Preface     ix
Global Health     1
What Is Global Health?     1
What Is Health?     2
Medicine and Public Health     3
Studying Population Health     7
Person     7
Place     7
Time     8
Risk Factors     8
Causal Webs     11
Prevention     13
Screening     14
Selecting Interventions     16
References     18
Health Inequalities     19
Health Inequalities     20
Causes of Death     23
Injuries     24
Non-communicable Conditions     27
Infectious Diseases and Other Conditions     30
Inequalities in Causes of Death     31
References     36
Socioeconomic Context of Disease     39
Socioeconomic Risk Factors     40
Poverty     41
Economic Indicators     43
Employment and Occupational Status     48
Literacy and Educational Level     50
References     54
Maternal and Child Health     55
Causes of Child Death     55
Pneumonia     58
Diarrhea     61
Malaria     62
Measles     63
Undernutrition     64
Child Health Initiatives     65
Protecting Children     69
Women's Health     70
Maternal Health     72
Family Planning     76
Population Growth     82
Demography     83
Population Planning Policies     88
References     89
The Health of Special Populations     91
Ethnic, Racial, Religious, and Tribal Minorities     92
Immigrants, Refugees, and Internally Displaced People     94
Prisoners     96
Persons with Mental Illness     98
Measuring the Burden of Disease     101
Persons with Physical Impairments     101
Landmines     106
Older Persons     108
References     113
The Spread of Infectious Diseases     115
Infection Transmission     116
The Disease Process     119
Agent, Host, Environment     122
Agent     122
Host     139
Environment     140
Vector      141
Measuring Disease in Populations     142
Disease Control     144
References     146
HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and TB     149
HIV/AIDS     149
Malaria     158
Tuberculosis (TB)     163
Comparison of HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and TB     166
References     167
Globalization and Emerging Infectious Diseases     169
"The Epidemiologic Transition" and Globalization     169
Emerging Infectious Diseases     171
Influenza     174
Bioterrorism     176
References     178
Nutrition     181
Essential Nutrients     181
Undernutrition     189
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies     190
Vitamin A Deficiency     193
Iodine Deficiency Disorders     194
Iron Deficiency Anemia     194
Zinc Deficiency     196
Measuring Nutritional Status     196
Breastfeeding     199
Globalization and Food Safety     201
Overnutrition     203
Is There Enough Food in the World?     207
References     209
Environmental Health     211
History of Environmental Health     211
What Is Environmental Health?     212
The Home Environment     214
Water     215
Sanitation     222
Fuel and Indoor Air Quality     225
Conclusion     227
References     228
Health Effects of Environmental Change     229
Health Impacts of Local Environmental Change     229
Urbanization     234
The Work Environment     237
Community Health Action     240
Global Environmental Change     242
References     245
Global Health Payers and Players     247
Who Pays for Health?     247
Paying for Personal Health     247
Paying for Public Health     252
International Funding and Debt Relief     253
Who Implements Health Programs?     256
National and Local Governments     256
United Nations Agencies     257
National Governmental Organizations     259
Non-Governmental Organizations     265
International Businesses     269
References     270
Global Health Priorities      273
Health and Human Rights     273
Trade Agreements, Intellectual Property Rights, and Health     277
Priorities in Global Health     279
Millennium Development Goals     282
How Much Will It Cost?     285
References     288
Learning More about Global Public Health     291
Information Sources     291
Reading an Abstract     293
Finding Reliable Articles     294
Epidemiologic Study Designs     296
Ecological Surveys     296
Cross-Sectional Surveys     299
Case-Control Studies     300
Cohort Studies     303
Clinical Trials     306
Research Ethics     308
Interpreting Measures of Association     310
Bias and Confounding     313
Validity     314
References     319
Countries of the World by WHO Region     321
Constitution of the World Health Organization     326
Convention on the Rights of the Child     329
Universal Declaration of Human Rights     331
Millennium Development Goals, Targets, and Indicators     336
Preventive and Treatment Interventions for Major Health Issues      340
Recommended Childhood Immunizations     343
Index     345