| Preface | xxv |
| Acknowledgments | xxix |
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| A | Information Privacy, Technology, and the Law | 1 |
| Sidis v. F-R Publishing Corp. | 2 |
| B | Information Privacy Law: Origins and Types | 9 |
| 1 | Common Law | 9 |
| 2 | Constitutional Law | 33 |
| 3 | Statutory Law | 35 |
| 4 | International Law | 38 |
| C | Philosophical Perspectives | 39 |
| 1 | The Philosophical Discourse About Privacy | 39 |
| 2 | The Definition and the Value of Privacy | 40 |
| 3 | Critics of Privacy | 59 |
| 4 | The Feminist Perspective on Privacy | 67 |
| 2 | Privacy and the Media | 75 |
| A | Information Gathering | 76 |
| 1 | Intrusion upon Seclusion | 76 |
| 2 | Paparazzi | 94 |
| 3 | Video Voyeurism | 100 |
| B | Disclosure of Truthful Information | 102 |
| 1 | Public Disclosure of Private Facts | 103 |
| 2 | Disclosure of Illegally Obtained Information | 152 |
| C | Dissemination of False or Misleading Information | 159 |
| 1 | Defamation | 159 |
| 2 | False Light | 181 |
| 3 | Infliction of Emotional Distress | 185 |
| D | Appropriation of Name or Likeness | 188 |
| 1 | Introduction | 188 |
| 2 | Name or Likeness | 191 |
| 3 | Connection to Matters of Public Interest | 197 |
| 4 | First Amendment Limitations | 203 |
| 3 | Privacy and Law Enforcement | 207 |
| A | The Fourth Amendment and Emerging Technology | 207 |
| 1 | Introduction | 207 |
| 2 | Wiretapping, Bugging, and Beyond | 214 |
| 3 | The Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test and Emerging Technology | 232 |
| B | Federal Electronic Surveilliance Law | 263 |
| 1 | Section 605 of the Federal Communications Act of 1934 | 263 |
| 2 | Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1968 | 264 |
| 3 | The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986 | 265 |
| 4 | The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act | 285 |
| 5 | The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act | 288 |
| 6 | The USA PATRIOT Act | 294 |
| C | Intelligence, Terrorism, and National Security | 300 |
| 1 | Is National Security Different? | 300 |
| 2 | FISA and the "Wall" | 303 |
| 3 | The Attorney General's FBI Guidelines | 314 |
| 4 | The Homeland Security Act | 317 |
| 5 | The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act | 317 |
| D | Encryption | 320 |
| E | Government Computer Searches | 323 |
| 1 | The Scope of Warrants to Search Computers | 323 |
| 2 | ISP Records | 326 |
| 3 | Carnivore | 338 |
| 4 | Key Logging Devices | 339 |
| 4 | Health and Genetic Privacy | 345 |
| A | Medical Data and Privacy in the Information Age | 346 |
| Privacy and the Economics of Health Care Information | 346 |
| Health Information Privacy | 347 |
| "Nobody Knows the MIB" | 348 |
| B | Confidentiality of Medical Information | 350 |
| 1 | Professional Ethics and Evidentiary Privileges | 350 |
| 2 | Tort Liability for Disclosure of Patient Information | 356 |
| 3 | Tort Liability for Failure to Disclose Patient Information | 363 |
| 4 | Statutory Reporting Requirements | 375 |
| 5 | State Law Privacy Protections for Medical Information | 377 |
| 6 | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | 379 |
| C | Constitutional Protection of Medical Information | 394 |
| 1 | The Constitutional Right to Information Privacy | 394 |
| 2 | The Fourth Amendment | 415 |
| D | Genetic Information | 421 |
| 1 | Background: Genetic Privacy | 421 |
| 2 | Property Rights in Body Parts and DNA | 422 |
| 3 | Genetic Testing and Discrimination | 436 |
| 4 | DNA Databases and Identification | 441 |
| 5 | Privacy of Associations, Anonymity, and Identification | 451 |
| A | Privacy of Group Associations | 453 |
| 1 | Compelled Disclosure of Group Membership Lists | 453 |
| 2 | Interrogation About Group Associations | 456 |
| 3 | Surveillance of Group Activities | 461 |
| B | Anonymity | 470 |
| 1 | Anonymous Speech | 470 |
| 2 | Anonymity in Cyberspace | 480 |
| 3 | Anonymous Reading and Receiving of Ideas | 490 |
| 4 | Anonymity and Copyright | 498 |
| C | Identification | 504 |
| 1 | Identification Devices and Techniques | 504 |
| 2 | Identification and the Constitution | 506 |
| 3 | Social Security Numbers | 513 |
| 4 | National Identification Systems | 519 |
| 6 | Privacy and Government Records and Databases | 523 |
| A | Public Access to Government Records | 524 |
| 1 | Public Records and Court Records | 524 |
| 2 | The Freedom of Information Act | 526 |
| 3 | Constitutional Requirements of Public Access | 542 |
| 4 | Constitutional Limitations on Public Access | 550 |
| B | Government Records of Personal Information | 577 |
| 1 | Fair Information Practices | 577 |
| 2 | The Privacy Act | 579 |
| 3 | The Use of Government Databases | 599 |
| 4 | The Driver's Privacy Protection Act | 618 |
| 7 | Privacy, Business Records, and Financial Information | 623 |
| A | The Collection and Use of Personal Data | 623 |
| 1 | Data Collection Techniques and Devices | 624 |
| 2 | The Database Industry | 629 |
| 3 | Perspectives on the Collection and Use of Personal Data | 631 |
| B | Regulating Business Records and Databases | 636 |
| 1 | Self-Regulation | 636 |
| 2 | Property and Contract Law | 637 |
| 3 | Technological Solutions | 642 |
| 4 | Tort Law | 643 |
| 5 | Statutory Protections | 649 |
| 6 | First Amendment Limitations on Privacy Regulation | 673 |
| C | Spam | 693 |
| 1 | State Anti-Spam Laws | 693 |
| 2 | The Federal CAN-SPAM Act | 693 |
| 3 | Spam and Speech | 695 |
| D | Identity Theft | 696 |
| 1 | The Identity Theft Assumption and Deterrence Act | 696 |
| 2 | State Statutory Approaches | 697 |
| 3 | Perspectives on Identity Theft Legislation | 698 |
| 4 | Database Companies, Security Breaches, and Identity Theft | 699 |
| E | Financial Information | 700 |
| Financial Privacy and the Theory of High-Tech Government Surveillance | 700 |
| 1 | The Credit System | 702 |
| 2 | The Use and Disclosure of Financial Information | 711 |
| F | Government Access to Financial and Business Records | 718 |
| 1 | Information Gathering Without Search Warrants | 718 |
| 2 | Information Gathering with Search Warrants | 735 |
| G | Privacy Policies: Private vs. Public Enforcement | 739 |
| 1 | Privacy Policies | 739 |
| 2 | Private Enforcement: Contract Remedies | 746 |
| 3 | Public Enforcement: The FTC | 750 |
| 8 | Privacy and Place | 765 |
| A | Privacy at Home | 765 |
| Stanley v. Georgia | 766 |
| Osborne v. Ohio | 768 |
| Wilson v. Layne | 772 |
| B | Privacy at School | 778 |
| 1 | School Searches and Surveillance | 778 |
| 2 | Drug Testing | 784 |
| 3 | School Records | 794 |
| C | Privacy at Work | 798 |
| 1 | Introduction | 798 |
| 2 | Workplace Searches | 801 |
| 3 | Workplace Surveillance | 809 |
| 4 | Drug Testing | 813 |
| 5 | The Issue of Consent | 824 |
| 6 | Testing, Questionnaires, and Polygraphs | 830 |
| 7 | Employer Monitoring of the Telephone | 845 |
| 8 | Employer Monitoring of Mail, E-mail, and Internet Use | 852 |
| 9 | International Privacy Law | 869 |
| A | The Oecd Privacy Guidelines | 871 |
| B | The Protection of Privacy in Europe | 873 |
| 1 | Convergence or Divergence? | 873 |
| 2 | European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) Article 8 | 878 |
| 3 | The European Union Data Protection Directive | 900 |
| C | Privacy Protection in Other Countries | 922 |
| 1 | Canada | 922 |
| 2 | Australia | 928 |
| 3 | Japan | 928 |
| 4 | Argentina | 929 |
| D | International Transfers of Data | 929 |
| 1 | International Data Transfers in Litigation | 930 |
| 2 | Adequate Level of Protection Under the EU Directive | 933 |
| 3 | The Safe Harbor Arrangement | 936 |
| 4 | Passenger Name Record Data Transfers | 957 |
| 5 | Outsourcing Information Processing to Other Countries | 964 |
| Table of Cases | 969 |
| Table of Authorities | 979 |
| Index | 1001 |
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