| Preface | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| 1 | Introduction and Overview | 1 |
| 2 | Pervasiveness of the Problem of Program Induction | 9 |
| 3 | Introduction to Genetic Algorithms | 17 |
| 4 | The Representation Problem for Genetic Algorithms | 63 |
| 5 | Overview of Genetic Programming | 73 |
| 6 | Detailed Description of Genetic Programming | 79 |
| 7 | Four Introductory Examples of Genetic Programming | 121 |
| 8 | Amount of Processing Required to Solve a Problem | 191 |
| 9 | Nonrandomness of Genetic Programming | 205 |
| 10 | Symbolic Regression - Error-Driven Evolution | 237 |
| 11 | Control - Cost-Driven Evolution | 289 |
| 12 | Evolution of Emergent Behavior | 329 |
| 13 | Evolution of Subsumption | 357 |
| 14 | Entropy-Driven Evolution | 395 |
| 15 | Evolution of Strategy | 419 |
| 16 | Co-Evolution | 429 |
| 17 | Evolution of Classification | 439 |
| 18 | Iteration, Recursion, and Setting | 459 |
| 19 | Evolution of Constrained Syntactic Structures | 479 |
| 20 | Evolution of Building Blocks | 527 |
| 21 | Evolution of Hierarchies of Building Blocks | 553 |
| 22 | Parallelization of Genetic Programming | 563 |
| 23 | Ruggedness of Genetic Programming | 569 |
| 24 | Extraneous Variables and Functions | 583 |
| 25 | Operational Issues | 597 |
| 26 | Review of Genetic Programming | 619 |
| 27 | Comparison with Other Paradigms | 633 |
| 28 | Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating and Evolutionarily Self-Improving Computer Programs | 643 |
| 29 | Conclusions | 695 |
| Appendix A: Computer Implementation | 699 |
| Appendix B: Problem-Specific Part of Simple LISP Code | 705 |
| Appendix C: Kernel of the Simple LISP Code | 735 |
| Appendix D: Embellishments to the Simple LISP Code | 757 |
| Appendix E: Streamlined Version of EVAL | 765 |
| Appendix F: Editor for Simplifying S-Expressions | 771 |
| Appendix G: Testing the Simple LISP Code | 777 |
| Appendix H: Time-Saving Techniques | 783 |
| Appendix l: List of Special Symbols | 787 |
| Appendix J: List of Special Functions | 789 |
| Bibliography | 791 |
| Index | 805 |