| Preface | xvi |
| Part 1 | Thinking About Communication and Theory | |
| Opening | 1 |
| Values of Studying Communication Theories | 2 |
| Knowledge of the Field | 2 |
| Practical Value | 2 |
| The Focus of Communication Theories in Action | 4 |
| Selective Focus on Theories | 4 |
| Attention to the Process of Theorizing | 4 |
| Tensions Among Theories | 4 |
| Chapter 1 | Communication as a Field of Study | 7 |
| A Definition of Communication | 9 |
| Values of Communication | 11 |
| Personal Impact | 11 |
| Relationship Impact | 12 |
| Professional Impact | 13 |
| Cultural Impact | 14 |
| Breadth of the Communication Field | 15 |
| Intrapersonal Communication | 15 |
| Interpersonal Communication | 17 |
| Group and Team Communication | 17 |
| Public Communication | 18 |
| Performance | 19 |
| Media and New Technologies for Communication | 19 |
| Organizational Communication | 21 |
| Intercultural Communication | 23 |
| The Heart of Communication Research | 24 |
| Symbolic Activities | 25 |
| Meaning | 27 |
| Careers in Communication | 28 |
| Research | 28 |
| Public Relations and Advertising | 28 |
| Education | 29 |
| Consulting | 30 |
| Human Relations and Management | 30 |
| Summary | 31 |
| Key Concepts | 31 |
| Chapter 2 | Understanding Communication Theories | 32 |
| The Goals of Theory | 33 |
| Description: What Is It? | 34 |
| Explanation | 36 |
| Understanding, Prediction, and Control | 37 |
| Reform | 39 |
| Standards for Evaluating Theories | 41 |
| Scope: How Much Does the Theory Describe and Explain? | 41 |
| Testability: Is It Testable? | 44 |
| Parsimony: Is It Appropriately Simple? | 45 |
| Utility: Is It Useful? | 46 |
| Heurism: Does It Generate New Thought or Insights? | 46 |
| Balancing Criteria for Evaluating Theories | 47 |
| A Perspective for Studying Theories | 48 |
| Theories Reflect Points of View | 48 |
| Different Theories Are Not Necessarily Incompatible | 49 |
| Theories Have Limited Focus and Scope | 51 |
| Summary | 51 |
| Key Concepts | 53 |
| Chapter 3 | Building and Testing Theory | 54 |
| Building Blocks of Theory | 54 |
| Views of Human Nature | 65 |
| Ways of Knowing | 60 |
| Purposes of Theory | 63 |
| Focus of Theorizing | 65 |
| Testing Theories | 68 |
| Hypotheses and Research Questions | 68 |
| Quantitative Research | 70 |
| Qualitative Analysis | 73 |
| Critical Scholarship | 76 |
| Assessing Research | 77 |
| Summary | 79 |
| Key Concepts | 79 |
| Part 2 | Communication Theories | |
| Chapter 4 | An Early Communication Theory | 81 |
| General Semantics | 81 |
| The Special Character of Symbols | 82 |
| Symbols Are Arbitrary | 82 |
| Symbols Are Abstract | 83 |
| Symbols Are Ambiguous | 84 |
| Meanings Are Contextual | 84 |
| Remedies for Misunderstanding | 88 |
| Etc. | 89 |
| Indexing | 89 |
| Feedforward | 90 |
| Critical Assessment of General Semantics | 92 |
| Too Simplistic | 92 |
| Misrepresents the Character of Symbols and Language | 92 |
| Lacks Applied Value | 93 |
| Summary | 94 |
| Key Concept | 95 |
| Chapter 5 | Theories About Symbolic Activity | 96 |
| Symbolic Interactionism | 96 |
| Mind | 97 |
| Self | 98 |
| I and ME | 98 |
| Role Taking | 99 |
| Critical Assessment of Symbolic Interactionism | 102 |
| Dramatism | 103 |
| Identification | 105 |
| Guilt | 106 |
| The Dramatistic Pentad (Hexad) | 108 |
| Critical Appraisal of Dramatism | 109 |
| Narrative Theory | 111 |
| The Narrative Paradigm | 112 |
| Good Reasons | 113 |
| Narrative Rationality | 114 |
| Critical Assessment of Narrative Theory | 118 |
| Summary | 120 |
| Key Concepts | 121 |
| Chapter 6 | Theories About Performance | 122 |
| Dramaturgical Theory (Performance in Everyday Life) | 123 |
| Dramaturgical Model | 124 |
| Impression Management | 126 |
| Front Stage/Back Stage | 127 |
| Critical Assessment of Dramaturgical Theory | 128 |
| Performance Ethnography | 130 |
| Ethnography | 130 |
| Direct, Bodily Experience | 131 |
| The Hermeneutic Circle | 132 |
| Personal Narrative | 133 |
| Responsibility | 135 |
| Critical Assessment of Performance Ethnography | 137 |
| Performance as Political Action | 139 |
| Performativity | 139 |
| Cultural, Political Critique | 141 |
| Critical Assessment of Political Performance Theory | 143 |
| Summary | 144 |
| Key Concepts | 145 |
| Chapter 7 | Theories About How Individuals Construct Meaning | 146 |
| Rules Theory or the Coordinated Management of Meaning | 147 |
| Hierarchy of Meanings | 147 |
| Rules | 151 |
| Logical Force | 154 |
| Critical Assessment of CMM Theory | 157 |
| Constructivism | 158 |
| Cognitive Schemata | 158 |
| Cognitive Complexity | 161 |
| Person-Centeredness | 163 |
| Critical Assessment of Constructivist Theory | 164 |
| Summary | 166 |
| Key Concepts | 166 |
| Chapter 8 | Theories of Communication Dynamics | 167 |
| Interactional Theory | 167 |
| Communication Systems | 168 |
| Levels of Meaning | 173 |
| Punctuation | 174 |
| Communication and Power | 175 |
| Critical Assessment of Interactioanl Theory | 177 |
| Dialectical Theory | 179 |
| Root Terms | 179 |
| Relational Dialectics | 182 |
| Responses to Dialectics | 185 |
| Critical Assessment of Dialectical Theory | 187 |
| Summary | 189 |
| Key Concepts | 190 |
| Chapter 9 | Theories About Communication and Relational Evolution | 191 |
| Uncertainty Reduction Theory | 192 |
| Laws of Behavior | 192 |
| Theoretical Axioms | 193 |
| Beyond Personal Relationships | 194 |
| Critical Assessment of Uncertainty Reduction Theory | 196 |
| Social Exchange Theory | 198 |
| Evaluation of Relationships | 199 |
| Standards of Comparison | 200 |
| Equity and Inequity | 202 |
| Critical Assessment of Social Exchange Theory | 204 |
| Developmental Theories | 207 |
| Viewing Relationships Developmentally | 207 |
| First-Generation Developmental Theories | 208 |
| Second-Generation Developmental Theories | 210 |
| Relationship Trajectories | 210 |
| Critical Assessment of Developmental Theories | 214 |
| Summary | 215 |
| Key Concepts | 216 |
| Chapter 10 | Theories About Communication Cultures | 217 |
| Communication and Culture | 218 |
| Standpoint Theory | 219 |
| Locations in Cultural Life | 220 |
| Situated Knowledges | 221 |
| Accuracy of Different Standpoints | 222 |
| Standpoint's Relation to Communication | 223 |
| Critical Assessment of Standpoint Theory | 225 |
| Speech Communities | 227 |
| Speech Community Theory | 227 |
| Rules of Communication | 228 |
| Misunderstandings | 230 |
| Critical Assessment of Speech Community Theory | 232 |
| Organizational Culture | 233 |
| Organizations as Cultures | 233 |
| Communication and Organizational Culture | 234 |
| Thick Description | 239 |
| Critical Assessment of Organizational Culture Theory | 240 |
| Summary | 241 |
| Key Concepts | 242 |
| Chapter 11 | Theories of Mass Communication | 243 |
| Technological Determinism | 244 |
| Media History of Human Civilization | 245 |
| The Medium Is the Message/Massage | 247 |
| Hot and Cool Media | 249 |
| Critical Assessment of Technological Determinism | 249 |
| Cultivation Theory | 251 |
| Cultivation | 252 |
| The Power of Synthetic Reality | 254 |
| Assumptions of Cultivation Theory | 256 |
| Critical Assessment of Cultivation Theory | 259 |
| Summary | 264 |
| Key Concepts | 266 |
| Chapter 12 | Critical Communication Theories | 267 |
| Feminist Theories | 268 |
| Gender | 269 |
| Patriarchy | 269 |
| Patriarchal Universe of Discourse | 270 |
| Multiple Ways of Knowing | 271 |
| Critical Assessment of Feminist Theories | 273 |
| Muted Group Theory | 275 |
| Masculine Bias | 275 |
| Muted Language/Muted Experience | 276 |
| The Power to Name | 277 |
| Resistance to Dominant Discourses | 278 |
| Critical Assessment of Muted Group Theory | 280 |
| Cultural Studies Theories | 281 |
| Culture | 283 |
| Ideological Domination | 284 |
| The "Theatre of Struggle" | 286 |
| Overdetermination | 287 |
| Response to Dominant Ideologies | 288 |
| Critical Assessment of Cultural Studies Theories | 289 |
| Summary | 291 |
| Key Concepts | 293 |
| Chapter 13 | Communication Theories in Action: A Final Look | 294 |
| An Integrating Perspective on Communication Theories | 294 |
| The Process of Theorizing | 295 |
| Communication Theories in Review | 299 |
| The Value of Theoretical Plurality | 302 |
| Putting Theories into Practice | 303 |
| Theories Cultivate Understanding | 303 |
| Multiple Theories Promote Social Progress | 306 |
| Communication Theories in Social Contexts | 307 |
| The Frontiers of Communication Theory | 308 |
| The Critical Edge in Theorizing | 308 |
| Postmodern Puzzlings | 309 |
| Postmodern-Poststructural Communication Theories | 311 |
| Summary | 315 |
| Key Concepts | 316 |
| Glossary | 317 |
| References | 331 |
| Name Index | 355 |
| Subject Index | 359 |