| Chapter 1 | The Chemical and Molecular Basis of Life | 1 |
| 1.1 | The Elements | 1 |
| 1.2 | Chemical Bonds | 4 |
| 1.3 | Acids and Bases | 9 |
| 1.4 | Chemical Changes | 11 |
| 1.5 | Organic Chemistry | 13 |
| Chapter 2 | Cellular Organization | 21 |
| 2.1 | The Cell Theory | 21 |
| 2.2 | Cellular Organelles | 22 |
| 2.3 | Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes | 28 |
| 2.4 | Tissues | 32 |
| 2.5 | Exchange of Materials Between Cell and Environment | 36 |
| Quiz: The Basis of Life--Cellular Organization | 41 |
| Chapter 3 | Cellular Metabolism and Energy Pathways | 45 |
| 3.1 | Photosynthesis | 45 |
| 3.2 | Cellular Respiration | 47 |
| 3.3 | ATP and NAD | 50 |
| 3.4 | The Respiratory Chain (Electron Transport System [ETS]) | 52 |
| 3.5 | Enzymes | 54 |
| Chapter 4 | Nutrition in Plants and Animals | 61 |
| 4.1 | Importance of Digestion | 61 |
| 4.2 | The Human Digestive System | 64 |
| 4.3 | Ingestion and Digestion in Other Organisms | 68 |
| 4.4 | Transport of Food in Vascular Plants | 71 |
| Quiz: Cellular Metabolism--Nutrition | 73 |
| Chapter 5 | Gas Exchange in Plants and Animals | 77 |
| 5.1 | Respiration in Humans | 77 |
| 5.2 | Respiration in Other Organisms | 81 |
| 5.3 | Gas Exchange in Plants | 84 |
| Chapter 6 | Circulatory Systems of Animals | 86 |
| 6.1 | The Human Circulatory System | 86 |
| 6.2 | Blood Circuits | 88 |
| 6.3 | The Components of Blood | 92 |
| 6.4 | The Functions of Blood | 94 |
| 6.5 | The Clotting of Blood | 96 |
| 6.6 | Transport Mechanisms in Other Organisms | 98 |
| Quiz: Gas Exchange--Circulatory Systems | 102 |
| Chapter 7 | Excretion and Homeostasis | 106 |
| 7.1 | Excretion in Plants | 106 |
| 7.2 | Excretion in Humans | 107 |
| 7.3 | Excretion in Other Organisms | 113 |
| 7.4 | Homeostasis | 116 |
| Quiz: Excretion and Homeostasis | 119 |
| Chapter 8 | Hormonal Control in Animals and Plants | 123 |
| 8.1 | Hormones | 123 |
| 8.2 | The Mechanism and Action of Hormones | 124 |
| 8.3 | The Human Endocrine System | 125 |
| 8.4 | The Pancreas | 128 |
| 8.5 | Adrenal Glands | 129 |
| 8.6 | Pineal Gland | 130 |
| 8.7 | Thymus Gland | 131 |
| 8.8 | Sex Glands | 131 |
| 8.9 | Endocrine Abnormalities | 135 |
| 8.10 | Plant Hormones | 138 |
| Quiz: Hormonal Control in Animals and Plants | 140 |
| Chapter 9 | Stimulus Receptors in Animals | 144 |
| 9.1 | Components of Nervous Coordination | 144 |
| 9.2 | Photoreceptors | 145 |
| 9.3 | Vision Defects | 147 |
| 9.4 | Chemoreceptors | 150 |
| 9.5 | Mechanoreceptors | 152 |
| 9.6 | Receptors in Other Organisms | 155 |
| Chapter 10 | The Nervous System | 156 |
| 10.1 | The Nervous System | 156 |
| 10.2 | Neurons | 156 |
| 10.3 | Nerve Impulses | 157 |
| 10.4 | Synapse | 159 |
| 10.5 | Reflex Arc | 160 |
| 10.6 | The Human Nervous System | 162 |
| 10.7 | The Nervous System of Other Organisms | 164 |
| Quiz: Stimulus Receptors--The Nervous System | 167 |
| Chapter 11 | Locomotion: The Skeletal and Muscular Systems | 172 |
| 11.1 | The Skeletal System in Humans | 172 |
| 11.2 | The Muscular System in Humans | 174 |
| 11.3 | Locomotion in Lower Organisms | 177 |
| Quiz: Locomotion: The Skeletal and Muscular Systems | 180 |
| Chapter 12 | Elements of Behavior | 184 |
| 12.1 | Learned Behavior | 184 |
| 12.2 | Innate Behavior | 186 |
| 12.3 | Voluntary Behavior | 188 |
| Quiz: Elements of Behavior | 190 |
| Chapter 13 | Reproduction of Cells and Organisms | 193 |
| 13.1 | The Origin of Life | 193 |
| 13.2 | Reproduction of Organisms | 195 |
| 13.3 | Cell Division | 198 |
| Quiz: Reproduction of Cells and Organisms | 206 |
| Chapter 14 | Genetic Inheritance | 209 |
| 14.1 | Mendelian Genetics | 209 |
| 14.2 | Sex Determination and X-Linkage | 213 |
| 14.3 | DNA: The Basic Substance of Genes | 216 |
| 14.4 | Gene Expression | 223 |
| 14.5 | Gene Mutation | 226 |
| Quiz: Genetic Inheritance | 229 |
| Chapter 15 | Embryonic Development | 233 |
| 15.1 | Stages of Embryonic Development | 233 |
| 15.2 | Types of Eggs | 235 |
| 15.3 | Cleavage and Gastrulation | 237 |
| 15.4 | Parturition | 243 |
| Quiz: Embryonic Development | 245 |
| Chapter 16 | Evolution | 249 |
| 16.1 | Evidence for Evolution | 249 |
| 16.2 | Mechanisms of Evolution | 254 |
| 16.3 | The Five Principles of Evolution | 256 |
| 16.4 | Classification | 258 |
| Quiz: Evolution | 261 |
| Chapter 17 | Ecology | 265 |
| 17.1 | Growth of Populations | 265 |
| 17.2 | Energy Flow | 267 |
| 17.3 | Food Web | 269 |
| 17.4 | Definitions | 272 |
| 17.5 | Types of Habitats and Biomes | 274 |
| Quiz: Ecology | 278 |