| Figures | ix |
| Preface | xi |
| Who's Who in Eye Care | xiii |
| Test Your Knowledge | xiv |
| Chapter 1 | The Eye Examination | 1 |
| Objectives | 1 |
| Relevance | 1 |
| Basic Information | 2 |
| The Patient's History | 2 |
| Anatomy | 3 |
| Anatomic Aging Changes | 6 |
| Optics | 8 |
| Visual Acuity | 8 |
| When To Examine | 9 |
| Additional Tests | 9 |
| How to Examine | 9 |
| Distance Visual Acuity Testing | 10 |
| Near Visual Acuity Testing | 12 |
| Visual Acuity Estimation in an Uncooperative Patient | 12 |
| Confrontation Field Testing | 13 |
| Amsler Grid Testing | 14 |
| External Inspection | 14 |
| Upper Lid Eversion | 15 |
| Ocular Motility Testing | 15 |
| Pupillary Reaction Testing | 15 |
| Anterior Chamber Depth Assessment | 16 |
| Intraocular Pressure Measurement | 17 |
| Color Vision Testing | 19 |
| Fluorescein Staining of Cornea | 19 |
| Ophthalmoscopy | 19 |
| Summary of Steps in Eye Examination | 24 |
| Management or Referral | 25 |
| Reduced Visual Acuity | 25 |
| Abnormal Fundus Appearance | 25 |
| Shallow Anterior Chamber Depth/Elevated Intraocular Pressure | 26 |
| Points to Remember | 26 |
| Sample Problems | 26 |
| Annotated Resources | 28 |
| Chapter 2 | Acute Visual Loss | 31 |
| Objectives | 31 |
| Relevance | 31 |
| Basic Information | 31 |
| How to Examine | 32 |
| Visual Acuity Testing | 32 |
| Confrontation Field Testing | 32 |
| Pupillary Reactions | 32 |
| Ophthalmoscopy | 32 |
| Penlight Examination | 33 |
| Tonometry | 33 |
| How to Interpret the Findings | 33 |
| Media Opacities | 33 |
| Corneal Edema | 33 |
| Hyphema | 33 |
| Cataract | 34 |
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 34 |
| Retinal Disease | 35 |
| Optic Nerve Disease | 39 |
| Visual Pathway Disorders | 42 |
| Functional Disorders | 43 |
| Acute Discovery of Chronic Visual Loss | 43 |
| Points to Remember | 43 |
| Sample Problems | 44 |
| Annotated Resources | 46 |
| Chapter 3 | Chronic Visual Loss | 49 |
| Objectives | 49 |
| Chronic Visual Loss in the Geriatric Population | 49 |
| Glaucoma | 50 |
| Relevance | 50 |
| Basic Information | 52 |
| Intraocular Pressure | 52 |
| Types of Glaucoma | 53 |
| Optic Nerve | 53 |
| Relationship of Iop and Optic Nerve | 54 |
| When to Examine | 54 |
| How to Examine | 54 |
| How to Interpret the Findings | 55 |
| Management or Referral | 57 |
| Cataract | 57 |
| Relevance | 57 |
| Basic Information | 58 |
| Lens | 59 |
| Cataract | 59 |
| Symptoms of Cataract | 59 |
| When to Examine | 60 |
| How to Examine | 61 |
| How to Interpret the Findings | 62 |
| Management or Referral | 62 |
| Macular Degeneration | 63 |
| Relevance | 63 |
| Basic Information | 63 |
| Macular Anatomy | 63 |
| Age-Related Macular Changes | 64 |
| When to Examine | 67 |
| How to Examine | 67 |
| How to Interpret the Findings | 68 |
| Management or Referral | 68 |
| The Visually Impaired Patient | 69 |
| Points to Remember | 70 |
| Sample Problems | 71 |
| Annotated Resources | 72 |
| Chapter 4 | The Red Eye | 75 |
| Objectives | 75 |
| Relevance | 75 |
| Basic Information | 75 |
| Disorders Associated with a Red Eye | 76 |
| History | 79 |
| How to Examine | 80 |
| How to Interpret the Findings | 82 |
| Symptoms of Red Eye | 83 |
| Signs of Red Eye | 85 |
| Associated Systemic Problems | 87 |
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 87 |
| Management or Referral | 88 |
| Blepharitis | 88 |
| Stye and Chalazion | 90 |
| Subconjunctival Hemorrhage | 91 |
| Conjunctivitis | 91 |
| Therapeutic Warnings | 92 |
| Topical Anesthetics | 92 |
| Topical Corticosteroids | 92 |
| Points to Remember | 92 |
| Sample Problems | 93 |
| Annotated Resources | 97 |
| Chapter 5 | Ocular and Orbital Injuries | 99 |
| Objectives | 99 |
| Relevance | 99 |
| Basic Information | 100 |
| Anatomy and Function | 100 |
| When to Examine | 103 |
| How to Examine | 103 |
| History | 104 |
| Visual Acuity Testing | 104 |
| External Examination | 105 |
| Pupillary Reactions | 107 |
| Ocular Motility Testing | 107 |
| Ophthalmoscopy | 107 |
| Radiologic Studies | 107 |
| Management or Referral | 108 |
| True Emergency | 108 |
| Urgent Situation | 108 |
| Semiurgent Condition | 110 |
| Treatment Skills | 111 |
| Ocular Irrigation | 111 |
| Foreign-Body Removal | 112 |
| Prescribing Eye Medication | 112 |
| Patching | 112 |
| Suturing | 113 |
| Points to Remember | 113 |
| Sample Problems | 114 |
| Annotated Resources | 118 |
| Chapter 6 | Amblyopia and Strabismus | 121 |
| Objectives | 121 |
| Relevance | 121 |
| Basic Information | 122 |
| Amblyopia | 122 |
| Strabismus | 124 |
| How to Examine and Interpret the Findings | 126 |
| Amblyopia Testing | 127 |
| Strabismus Testing | 129 |
| Other Tests | 133 |
| Management or Referral | 134 |
| Amblyopia | 134 |
| Strabismus | 135 |
| Points to Remember | 136 |
| Sample Problems | 136 |
| Annotated Resources | 140 |
| Chapter 7 | Neuro-Ophthalmology | 141 |
| Objectives | 141 |
| Relevance | 141 |
| How to Examine | 142 |
| Visual Acuity Testing | 142 |
| Visual Field Testing | 142 |
| Pupillary Reactions | 143 |
| Ocular Motility Testing | 144 |
| Ophthalmoscopy | 145 |
| How to Interpret the Findings | 146 |
| Pupillary Disorders | 146 |
| Other Cranial Nerve Palsies | 150 |
| Optic Nerve Disease | 153 |
| Visual Field Defects | 156 |
| Visual Hallucinations | 157 |
| Cognitive Visual Loss: The Visual Variant of Alzheimer's Disease | 159 |
| Points to Remember | 159 |
| Sample Problems | 160 |
| Annotated Resources | 164 |
| Chapter 8 | Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease | 165 |
| Objectives | 165 |
| Relevance | 165 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 166 |
| Hypertension | 170 |
| Arteriolar Sclerosis | 170 |
| Elevated Blood Pressure | 172 |
| Diagnostic Concerns | 172 |
| Management | 172 |
| Pregnancy | 173 |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | 174 |
| Thyroid Disease | 174 |
| Sarcoidosis and Other Inflammatory and Autoimmune Conditions | 175 |
| Malignancy | 176 |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 177 |
| Syphilis | 179 |
| Other Systemic Infections | 179 |
| Points to Remember | 180 |
| Sample Problems | 181 |
| Annotated Resources | 182 |
| Chapter 9 | Drugs and the Eye | 185 |
| Objectives | 185 |
| Relevance | 185 |
| Basic Information | 187 |
| Topical Ocular Diagnostic Drugs | 188 |
| Fluorescein Dye | 188 |
| Anesthetics | 188 |
| Mydriatics | 189 |
| Topical Ocular Therapeutic Drugs | 190 |
| Decongestants | 190 |
| Agents for Relief of Allergic Conjunctivitis | 191 |
| Anti-Inflammatory Agents | 191 |
| Agents for the Relief of Dry Eye Symptoms | 191 |
| Antibiotics | 191 |
| Antiviral Agents | 192 |
| Systemic Side Effects of Glaucoma Medications | 192 |
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 192 |
| Cholinergic-Stimulating Drugs | 193 |
| Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Agonists | 194 |
| Adrenergic-Stimulating Drugs | 194 |
| Prostaglandin Analogues | 195 |
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 195 |
| Ocular Side Effects of Systemic Drugs | 195 |
| Amiodarone | 195 |
| Biphosphonates | 196 |
| Chloroquines | 196 |
| Chlorpromazine | 197 |
| Corticosteroids | 197 |
| Digitalis | 197 |
| Diphenylhydantoin | 197 |
| Ethambutol | 197 |
| Hmg-Coa Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) | 198 |
| Rifabutin (Mycobutin) | 198 |
| Sildenafil (Viagra) and Tadalifil (Cialis) | 198 |
| Thioridazine | 198 |
| Topiramate (Topimax) | 198 |
| Points to Remember | 199 |
| Sample Problems | 199 |
| Annotated Resources | 202 |
| Index | 203 |
loading...