Table of Contents
Preface
Note to Students
About the Authors Brief Contents Boxes by Type
PART ONE
RESOURCES FOR READING AND WRITING ARGUMENTS
Chapter 1
Understanding Argument
What Is Argument? What Is Rhetoric? An Example of Argument
“You Also Have the Right to Tell a Bigot What You Think,” LEONARD PITTS
Discussion of “You Also Have the Right…”
Pitts’s Reasoning
Other Appeals in Pitts’s Argument Four Criteria of Mature Reasoning
Mature Reasoners Are Well Informed
Mature Reasoners Are Self-Critical and Open to Constructive Criticism from Others
Mature Reasoners Argue with Their Audiences or Readers in Mind
Mature Reasoners Know Their Arguments’ Contexts What Are the Aims of Argument?
Arguing to Inquire
Arguing to Convince
Arguing to Persuade
Arguing to Mediate A Good Tool for Understanding and Writing Arguments: The Writer’s Notebook
Why Keep a Notebook?
Chapter 2
Reading an Argument
The First Encounter: Seeing the Text in Context
Considering the Climate of Opinion
Considering the Rhetorical Context An Argument for Critical Reading
“On Teenagers and Tattoos,” ANDRES MARTIN The Second Encounter: Reading and Analyzing the Text
Wrestling with Difficult Passages
Unfamiliar Contexts
Contrasting Voices and Views
Allusions
Specialized Vocabulary
Missing Persons
Passive Voice
Using Paraphrase to Aid Comprehension
Analyzing the Reasoning of an Argument
Reading Martin’s Essay
Finding Parts
Using Context
Identifying the Claim and Reasons The Third Encounter: Responding Critically to an Argument
Annotation Is Key
Sample Annotations Writing Assignment: A Critical Response to a Single Argument
In Part One
In Part Two
Other Advice for Both Parts Student Sample Essay: Critical Response to a Single Argument
“The Decorated Body,” FRANCE BOREL A Sample Student Response: Analysis of “The Decorated Body,” KATIE LAHEY
Chapter 3
Analyzing Arguments: A Simplified Toulmin Method
A Preliminary Critical Reading
“Rising to the Occasion of Our Death,” WILLIAM F. MAY A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Toulmin Method
Analyzing the Claim
Identify the Claim
Look for Qualifiers
Find the Exceptions
Summarize the Claim
Analyzing the Reasons
List the Reasons
Examine the Reasons
Analyzing the Evidence
List the Evidence
Examine the Evidence
Noting Refutations
Summarizing Your Analysis Student Sample: An Argument for Analysis “Capital Punishment: Society’s Self-Defense,” AMBER YOUNG A Final Note about Logical Analysis
Chapter 4
Reading and Writing about Visual Arguments
Understanding Visual Arguments “Reading” Images Analysis: Five Common Types of Visual Argument
Advertisements
Editorial Cartoons
Public Sculpture
News Photographs
Graphics
*“The Rise of Renewable Energy,” DANIEL M. KAMMEN
Understanding Kammen’s Graphics Writing Assignments
Assignment 1: Analyzing an Advertisement or Editorial Cartoon
Student Sample: Analysis of Visual Rhetoric, “A Mother’s Treat,” KELLY WILLIAMS
Assignment 2: Analyzing and Creating Posters or Flyers
Assignment 3: Using Visual Rhetoric to Promote Your School
Assignment 4: Analyzing Your Own Visual Rhetoric
Assignment 5: Writing to Convince
Assignment 6: Using Graphics to Supplement Your Own Writing or Other Texts
Assignment 7: Presenting Information Using PowerPoint
Chapter 5
Writing Research-Based Arguments
Finding an Issue
Understand the Difference between a Topic and an Issue
Find Issues in the News and Commentary on the News
The Internet
Magazines and Newspapers
Lectures, Panel Discussions, Class Discussions, Conversations
Personal Observations
Student Example: Finding an Issue on the Topic of Global Warming Finding Sources
Keep a Research Log
Make Complete Photocopies and Printouts
Field Research
Observations
Questionnaires and Surveys
Interviews
Library and Internet Research
Kinds of Sources
Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
Audio-Visual Materials
Websites
Blogs, Listservs, Usenet Groups, Message Boards
Choose the Best Search Terms
Use Phrase Searching
Start with General Words
Think of Synonyms
Use Unique or Specific Words and Phrases
Use Boolean Searching
Searching Your Library
Your Library’s Online Catalogue
Finding Reference Books through Your School’s Library
Your Library’s Online Resources (the Deep Web)
Licensed Databases
Examples of Searching Licensed Databases
Internet Research
Domains
Commercial (.com)
Nonprofit Organizations (.org)
Educational Institutions (.edu)
Government Agencies (.gov)
Advanced Features for Searching the Web
Advanced Searches
Google Specialized Searches
Google Book
Google Scholar
Subject Directories to the Web
Other Web Resources: Blogs, Listservs, Message Boards, and Chat Groups Evaluating Sources
Eliminate Inappropriate Sources
Carefully Record Complete Bibliographic Information
Read the Source Critically
Who Is the Writer, and What Is His or Her Bias?
How Reliable Is the Source
When Was This Source Written?
Where Did This Source Appear?
Why Was the Book or Article Written?
What Is the Author’s Aim?
How Is the Source Organized?
Special Help with Evaluating Websites Using Sources
*“Battling Teardowns, Saving Neighborhoods,” RICHARD MOE
Ways of “Writing-in-the-Middle” to Gain Mastery over Your Sources
1. Annotate the Source
2. Respond to the Source in Your Notebook
3. Paraphrase Important Ideas from the Source
Examples of Adequate and Inadequate Paraphrasing
4. Write Summaries of Portions of a Source
5. Write Capsule Summaries of Entire Sources
6. Dialogue about Sources Incorporating and Documenting Source Material
Instructions for Using MLA and APA Styles for In-Text Citations
MLA Style
APA Style
Direct Quotations
MLA Style
APA Style
Altering Direct Quotations with Ellipses and Square Brackets
Using Block Quotations
MLA Style
APA Style
In-Text References to Electronic Sources Creating Works Cited and Reference Lists
Books
Books by One Author
Book by Two or Three Authors
Book by Four or More Authors
Book Prepared by an Editor or Editors
Work in an Edited Collection
Translated Book
Periodicals
Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination
Article in a Journal Paginated by Issue
Article in a Magazine
Anonymous Article in a Newspaper
Nonprint Sources
Interview
Sound Recording
Film
Electronic Sources
MLA Style: Citing Internet Sources
APA Style: Citing Internet Sources
Online Book
World Wide Website
Document 0on a Website
Article in an Electronic Journal
Encyclopedia Article on CD-ROM
Encyclopedia Article Online
E-Mail, Listserv, and Newsgroup Citations
*Student Example: “Why Residential Construction Needs to Get a Conscience,” JULIE ROSS
Chapter 6 Ethical Writing and Plagiarism
Why Ethics Matter What Plagiarism Is The Ethics of Using Sources
When Opinions Coincide The Ethics of Giving and Receiving Help with Your Writing Ethical Writing and Good Study Habits
Works Cited
PART TWO
THE AIMS OF ARGUMENT
Chapter 7
Looking for Some Truth: Arguing to Inquire
Inquiry and Interpretation in Academic Writing The Writing Project: Part 1
Step 1: Choosing a Topic for Inquiry
Step 2: Finding an Issue
Step 3: Stating Your Initial Opinions
Student Sample: Exploratory Essay, Part 1—Lauren’s Initial Opinions
Step 4: Exploring an Issue Conversation and Dialogue in Inquiry
An Example Conversation
“Moving beyond the Blame Game,” JONATHAN ALTER, MODERATOR
Analysis of “Moving beyond the Blame Game
Step 5: Engaging in a Dialogue about Your Initial Opinions
Student Sample: Example Dialogue for Analysis—Matt’s Initial Opinions
Student Sample: Example Dialogue between Matt and Lauren
Step 6: Engaging in Dialogue with a Reading
Example Dialogue with a Reading
“Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence,” RICHARD RHODES
A Dialogue with Rhodes
Following Through
Another Example of Dialogue with a Reading
“Media Literacy,” SISSELA BOK
Possibilities for Dialogue with “Media Literacy” Inquiry Again: Digging Deeper
When Experts Disagree
An Example of Experts Disagreeing
“Violence in the Mass Media and Violence in Society: The Link Is Unproven,” JONATHAN L.
FREEDMAN
“Media Violence: A Demonstrated Public Health Threat to Children,” L. ROWELL
HUESMANN AND JESSICA MOISE
Commentary on the Expert’s Disagreement The Writing Project: Part 2 The Writing Project: Part 3 After Drafting Your Essay
Student Sample: An Exploratory Essay Inquiry: Summing Up the Aim
Chapter 8 Making Your Case: Arguing to Convince
The Nature of Convincing: Structure and Strategy
Case Structure
Case Strategy
Thinking about Audience
Formulating the Thesis
Choosing Reasons
“Arrested Development: The Conservative Case against Racial Profiling,” JAMES FORMAN, JR.
Arranging Reasons
Using Evidence
Introducing and Concluding the Argument
The Introduction
The Conclusion Writing a Convincing Argument
Preparing a Brief
Working toward a Position
Student Sample: Working toward a Position
Analyzing the Audience
Student Sample: Analyzing the Audience
Developing a Thesis
Student Sample: Developing a Thesis
Analyzing the Thesis
Student Sample: Analyzing the Thesis
Finding Reasons
The Audience’s Belief System
Special Rules or Principles
Expert Opinions and Hard Evidence
Tradition
Comparison
The Probable or Likely
Cause and Effect
Definition
Student Sample: Finding Reasons
Selecting and Ordering Reasons
Student Sample: Selecting and Ordering Reasons
Using Evidence
What Counts as Evidence?
What Kind of Evidence Is Best?
How Much Evidence Is Needed?
Student Sample: Using Evidence
From Brief to Draft
The Introduction
Student Sample: The Introduction
The Body: Presenting Reasons and Evidence
Student Sample: Presenting Reasons and Evidence
The Conclusion
Student Sample: The Conclusion
Revising the Draft
Reading Your Own Writing Critically
Read for Structure
Read for Rhetorical Context
Inquire into Your Own Writing
Getting Feedback from Other Readers
Editing and Proofreading
Student Sample: An Essay Arguing to Convince, “Who Should Have the Right to Marry?”
JUSTIN SPIDEL
Chapter 9 Motivating Action: Arguing to Persuade
When to Convince and When to Persuade: A Matter of Emphasis Analyzing Your readers
Who Is the Audience, and How Do They View the Topic? Reading a Persuasive Essay
Background
“Letter from Birmingham Jail,” MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
King’s Analysis of His Audience: Identification and Overcoming Difference
Assumptions
Principles
Hierarchy of Values
Ends and Means
Interpretation
Implications or Consequences Using the Forms of Appeal
The Appeal to Reason
The Appeal to Character
The Appeal to Emotion
The Appeal through Style Drafting a Persuasive Essay
Conceiving Need
Conceiving a Readership
Need and Audience, a Student Example
Discovering the Resources of Appeal
Student Sample: Baxley’s Brief
Appealing through Character
Appealing to Emotion
Strategies of Appeal in “Be a Parent”
Appealing through Style
*Student Sample: “Be a Parent, Not a Friend,” ELISABETH BAXLEY
Chapter 10 Resolving Conflict: Arguing to Mediate
Mediation and the Other Aims of Argument The Process of Mediation Mediation and Rogerian Argument
A Conflict to Mediate
Understanding the Positions
“Institutionalizing Our Demise: America vs. Multiculturalism,” ROGER KIMBALL
“Reinventing ‘America’: Call for a New National Identity,” ELIZABETH MARTINEZ
Analysis of the Writers’ Positions
Kimball’s Position
Martinez’s Position
Locating the Areas of Agreement and Disagreement
Differences over Facts
Differences over Interests, Values, and Interpretations
Is the Difference a Matter of Assumptions?
Is the Difference a Matter of Principle?
Is the Difference a Matter of Values or Priorities?
Is the Difference a Matter of Ends or Means?
Is the Difference a Matter of Implications or Consequences?
Is the Difference a Matter of Interpretation?
Is the Difference a Matter of Personal Background, Basic Human Needs, or Emotions?
Finding Creative Solutions: Exploring Common Ground
Exploring Common Ground in the Debate over National Identity The Mediatory Essay
“Beyond Multiculturalism,” BHARATI MUKHERJEE
Analyzing Mukherjee’s Essay
Ethos: Earning the Respect of Both Sides
Pathos: Using Emotion to Appeal to Both Sides
Logos: Integrating the Values of Both Sides
Writing a Mediatory Essay
Prewriting
Drafting
Revising
Student Sample: An Essay Arguing to Mediate
PART THREE TWO CASEBOOKS FOR ARGUMENT
Chapter 11 The Consumer Society: The Urge to Splurge
Photo Montage: Black Friday Eve General Introduction: What Is a Consumer Society?
Section 1: The Meaning of Spending
Overview
*Photo: The Mall as Art Museum
*VIRGINIA POSTREL, The Aesthetic Imperative
*Advertisement: Louis Vuitton
*JAMES B. TWITCHELL, Needing the Unnecessary
*JULIET SCHOR, When Spending Becomes You
*DAVID BROOKS, The Grill-Buying Guy
*ALEX KOTLOWITZ, False Connections
*STEPHANIE ROSENBLOOM, Zebo: A Sense of Belonging among Belongings Section 2: The Messages of Advertising
Overview
*JEAN KILBOURNE, Jesus Is a Brand of Jeans
*JAMES B. TWITCHELL, How I Bought My Red Miata
*Photo: A Super-Thin Model
*JEAN KILBOURNE, Cutting Girls Down to Size
*Photo: Two Models Who Died from Anorexia
*Advertisement: Calvin Klein
*ALISSA QUART, X-Large Boys Section 3: The Pursuit of Happiness
Overview
*DON PECK AND ROSS DOUTHAT, Does Money Buy Happiness?
*Advertisement: Clinique “Happy”
*JOHN F. SCHUMAKER, The Happiness Conspiracy: What Does It Mean to Be Happy in a
Modern Consumer Society?
*BARBARA SMALLER, Cartoon
*MIHALY CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism
*DAVID BROOKS, Shopping for Paradise For Further Reading and Research
Chapter 12 Romantic Relationships: Sex, Love, and Maybe Marriage
General Introduction: Love Today Section 1: Attracting and Choosing a Mate
Overview
*LAUREN SLATER, Love: The Chemical Reaction
SAM GROSS, Cartoon
*Helen Fisher, “That First Fine Careless Rapture”: Who We Choose Section 2: Getting Together
Overview
*ANTONIO CANOVA, Sculpture: Psyche Revived by Eros’ Kiss
ROBERT DOISNEAU, Photograph: Kiss at the Hotel de Ville
JACK GRIMES, Hook-Up Culture
Two Photographs
ETHAN WATTERS, In My Tribe
Website: eHarmony
*JEAN M. TWENGE, Loneliness and Isolation
*NANCY WARTIK, The Perils of Playing House
Section 3: Attachment and Marriage
Overview
*ROBERT W. FIRESTONE, LISA A. FIRESTONE, AND JOYCE CATLETT, What Is Love?
BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD AND DAVID POPENOE, Who Wants to Marry a Soul Mate?
TOM CHENEY, Cartoon
*EVA LAPLANTE, 18,260 Breakfasts
KIMBERLY WHITE, Photograph
*HELEN FREMONT, First Person Plural
JOAN KONNOR, Grown-Up Love
For Further Reading and Research
PART FOUR READINGS: ISSUES AND ARGUMENTS
Chapter 13 Global Warming: What Should Be Done?
*GARY STIX, A Climate Repair Manual *SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 15 Ways to Make a Wedge *AL GORE, Contributions to Global Warming *GREGG EASTERBROOK, Some Convenient Truths *TIM APPENZELLER, The Coal Paradox *AL GORE, Existing Technologies for Reducing CO2 Emissions *AMORY LOVINS, How America Can Free Itself of Oil—Profitably *MICHELLE NIJHUIS, Selling the Wind *UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS, Ten Personal Solutions *WILLIAM F. RUDDIMAN, Consuming Earth’s Gifts
Chapter 14 Twenty-Something: Issues Facing Young Adults
*LEV GROSSMAN, Grow Up? Not So Fast: Meet the Twixters *TIME, Survey: Becoming an Adult *Photographs: The High Cost of Housing
*TAMARA DRAUT, The Economic Crunch
*ANYA KAMENETZ, Waking Up and Taking Charge Cartoons: Views of a Con Game
*BILL WATTERSON, Calvin & Hobbes
*GARRY TRUDEAU, Doonesbury
Chapter 15 Immigration Revisited: A New Look at a Permanent Issue
Historical Images: Our Contradictory Attitudes toward Immigration *TAMAR JACOBY, The New Immigrants and the Issue of Assimilation *SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, One Nation, Out of Many: Why “Americanization” of Newcomers Is Still
Important *ROSS DOUTHAT AND JENNY WOODSON, The Border *JEFF KOTERBA, Cartoon *LINDA CHAVEZ, The Realities of Immigration *DAVID MAUNG, Photograph: The Wall *LESLIE MARMON SILKO, The Border Patrol State
Chapter 16 Countering Terrorism: Where to from Here?
Photo Essay Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States *JESSICA STERN, The Protean Enemy
*BERNARD LEWIS, Freedom and Justice in the Modern Middle East
*RICH LOWRY AND DAVID RIVKIN, JR., All the Same Fight *IVAN ELAND, It’s What We Do *ROBERT A. PAPE, The Wrong Strategy against the Next Generation *DANIEL BENJAMIN AND STEVEN SIMON, Jihad Wired *MIA BLOOM, Mother. Daughter. Sister. Bomber.
Chapter 17 Genetics and Enhancement: Better Than Human?
*ERIC LANDER, Photo: The Double Helix and Humanity ANNE APPLEBAUM, Stem Cell Stumping *A. BARRINGTON-BROWN, Photograph: Watson and Crick Display Their Discovery JAMES D. WATSON, All for the Good: Why Genetic Engineering Must Soldier On FRANCIS FUKUYAMA, In Defense of Nature, Human and Non-Human *LARRY GEBNICK AND MARK WHEELIS, Cartoon GREGORY STOCK, Choosing Our Genes
STEVEN PINKER, Why Designer Babies Won’t Happen Soon SONDRA WHEELER, Making Babies? CARL ELLIOTT, The Tyranny of Happiness
Appendix A A Short Guide to Editing and Proofreading Appendix B Fallacies—and Critical Thinking Glossary Credits Index
